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4. What are Lists? Explain the types of lists giving suitable examples.
Ans. Lists are series of items i.e. names, values that can be arranged in an ordered way. The list may be either
ordered or unordered. An ordered list is a series of items displayed in sequence with it whereas an
unordered list displays special bullets in the beginning of each list items only. Ordered or Numbered list is
used to display a list of items in sequence. It begins with <OL> tag and it requires <LI> (List Item) tag to
be used along with it. The items which are followed by <LI> tag appear in sequence (e.g. numbers 1, 2, 3,
etc.) on the browser window.
Example : <OL>
<LI> List 1
<LI> List 2
...............
</OL>
Unordered or Unnumbered list is used to insert bullets with the list of items. The <LI> (List item) tag is
nested inside the <UL> tag. The ‘TYPE’ attribute defines the type of bullets that is in the list. For example:
disc, square, circle, etc.
Example : <UL TYPE = “square”>
<LI> List1
...............
</UL>
Definition list is used where terms are listed along with their description like in a dictionary or encyclopedia.
The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/ value list.
<DL> Defines the start of the list
<DT> A term
<DD> Term definition
</DL> Defines the end of the list
5. Write a note on History of HTML.
Ans. The term ‘Hypertext’ was coined by Ted Nelson around 1965. It is a collection of documents containing
cross-references or ‘links’ which with the help of a browser program helps a user to move easily from one
document to other.
During 1980, IBM developed General Markup Language (GML), after which the (ANSI) American National
Standard Institute published a working draft of Standard GML or SGML.
SGML, which was comparatively a higher level markup language, was adopted by US Internal Revenue
Service and Department of Defense, USA.
Simplifying further, HTML was developed in 1990 as a subset of SGML, whose credit goes to Tim Berners
Lee, a scientist at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, a European practical physics
Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland).
HTML and SGML, though are from the same family but only a few browsers support both. HTML was
designed to create web pages that can be viewed on any type of computer architecture or by using any
web browser on Internet.
Introduction to HTML 79

