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The operating system sets the standard for the application programs that run on the computer. It acts as a
                 ‘messenger’ between the computer hardware and the application programs by ensuring or by establishing
                 a connection between the application and the hardware device through Kernel.

                 Kernel                                                              Applications

                 Kernel is the core part of an OS, that does all the
                 major activities (such as memory allocation, CPU
                 time, scheduling, etc.) for the operating system.
                 Kernel helps in initialization (booting) function,                     Kernel
                 such as checking  memory.  It allocates and
                 de-allocates memory space which allows
                 software to run.                                      CPU             Memory             Devices





                 Kernel provides services that intercept the hardware request (to enable the use of hardware devices such
                 as USB, Printer, Scanner, etc.) from the application software. After intercepting the request, the kernel
                 forwards the request to device drivers or to special program which control the functioning of hardware.


                 Device Driver
                 A device driver is a form of software that enables a hardware device to be compatible with the computer.
                 It activates the specific hardware device that can be easily interpreted by the CPU resources. Device drivers
                 are operating system specific and hardware dependent computer programs, which may automatically get
                 activated whenever that hardware device is attached to the computer.



                      Do you know?

                      In plug and play devices, the user does not need to manually install drivers for the device, instead the
                      computer recognizes the device & automatically installs its driver.



                 Generally, we need to install the driver of the printer into the Operating System from its installation disc.
                 Devices from different manufacturers come with their own drivers for their smooth functioning.

                 Language Processor

                 Language  processors  are the type of system software that helps in converting programs of can be
                 assembly also high level language to machine understandable language. Software or programs are set of
                 instructions that are written in a programming language. Usually a programmer writes programs in High

                 Level Languages (HLL).
                 HLL is a computer language in which codes or commands are represented in simple language like English,
                 as it is easier to understand. The internal parts of the CPU understand machine language. A machine
                 language is a computer language that consists of binary digits, i.e., 0 and 1.

                      Assembler: An assembler is a system program that helps to translate assembly language statements
                 l
                      into the machine code.

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