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• Identify leverage points – seeing where a small change (e.g. adjusting one policy variable)
                     could produce a large shift in outcomes.
                     • Build shared  understanding – giving stakeholders a  common mental model,  reducing
                     miscommunication and silo thinking.
                     • Guide decision making – testing “what if” scenarios on the map before committing resources
                     in the real world.



                  Basics of system map
                  Some basics of system maps are as follows:
                     • Purpose: To picture all the factors in a complex situation and how they influence one another.

                     • Arrows: Show the direction of influence between elements.
                     • Loops: Chains of causes-and-effects that circle back; spotting them helps explain recurring
                     patterns.
                     • Time delays: Long  arrows or  a clock symbol mark  slow responses (e.g.  months for  reef
                     recovery).

                     • Changing a system: You can alter the elements (add/remove things) or, more powerfully, the
                     relationships.


                   CASE STUDY                                                                21 st  Century   #Technology Literacy
                                                                                                 Skills
                   System Map for the Coral Reef Ecosystem

                   A system map for the coral reef ecosystem can be used to show how the various components
                   in this system interact with each other, and how each factor affects the overall health and
                   function  of  the  ecosystem.  Below  figure  shows  a  simplified  system  map  for  the  coral  reef
                   ecosystem:


                                                        Water
                                                      Temperature

                                                            –


                                                                                  +
                                            Storms          Algae       Coral Reefs   Marine Life
                                                     –              +

                                                            –


                                                       Pollution




                   Key components in coral reef ecosystem are as follows:
                      • Coral Reefs: Vital for marine life, but vulnerable to stressors.





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