Page 122 - Data Science class 11
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• Politician made a rude comment about ladies going out, so public of the area assembled and hit him.
        Apart from the examples above, let us consider the following two examples:
        Example 1

        According to many people, being improperly dressed during the cold weather makes one sick. However, the matter
        of fact is that temperature does not cause illness, germs do. So while shivering outside in the cold might not affect
        your immune system, you might more likely contract an illness, because you will have a greater exposure to germs.
                                         Cause

                                    People are exposed to                 Effect
                                           germs

                                                                      People Get Sick

                                      People don't dress
                                       properly for the
                                          weather

        In the above example, the paragraph explains how germs cause illnesses. The germs are the cause in the paragraph
        and the illness is the effect.

        Example 2
        2011–2020 was declared the warmest decade recorded, with global average temperature reaching 1.1°C above pre-
        industrial levels in 2019. Presently, human-induced global warming is rising at a rate of 0.2°C per decade.
        Compared to the temperature in pre-industrial times, a rise of 2°C is associated with far-reaching consequences on
        the natural environment and human wellbeing including a much higher risk of dangerous and possibly catastrophic
        changes in the global environment.

        The international community has acknowledged the need to keep global warming well below 2°C and make efforts
        to limit it to 1.5°C.
        Following are the causes for rising emissions and therefore global warming effect:

           • Burning coal, oil and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
           • Cutting down forests (deforestation) is another cause for increase in global warming. Trees help to regulate the
          climate by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. When they are cut down, that beneficial effect is lost and the carbon
          stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere, adding to the greenhouse effect.
           • Livestock is responsible for 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gases since cows and sheep produce large amounts of
          methane when they digest their food. Infact, the global livestock industry produces more greenhouse gas emissions
          than all cars, planes, trains and ships combined. A worldwide survey by Ipsos MORI in the report finds twice as many
          people think that transport is a bigger contributor to global warming.

           • Fertilisers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions.

        Why is Causation Important?
        It  frequently  turns  out  that  difficult-to-resolve  disputes  inherit  their  problematic  structure  from  general  causal
        principles. By investigating causation, one can come to recognize where rational progress can be made and where
        opinions will likely remain at odds.


        2.3.2 role of causation in a trial assessment
        The idea behind performing the trial assessment is to test something. In other words, a trial assessment can be
        referred to as an experiment. There are usually two sets of variables in every experiment: the treatment variable and
        the response variable.

          120   Touchpad Data Science-XI
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