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    UNDERSTANDING BREADBOARD, GPIO BOARD AND JUMPER WIRES

                     In electronics projects, a breadboard is an essential tool for creating and testing circuits without
                     the need for permanent soldering. It allows components to be easily inserted and rearranged
                     for experimentation. The GPIO board, often found on devices like the Micro:bit, is a set of pins
                     used to connect external components, such as sensors or LEDs to the microcontroller, enabling
                     interaction with the physical world. Jumper wires are simple yet crucial for linking the breadboard,
                     components, and GPIO pins, allowing for seamless connections and ensuring the circuit operates

                     as intended. Together, these tools form the backbone of many DIY electronics and robotics projects.
                     Here’s a breakdown of the key components used in electronics projects:

                        ∑  Breadboard: A breadboard  is a tool  used  to  prototype
                         electronic  circuits  without  the  need  for soldering.  It has
                         rows of holes where components  can be  inserted  and
                         connected to create circuits. The board is typically used for
                         testing and experimentation.

                                                           ∑  GPIO Board (General Purpose Input/Output): The GPIO
                                                            pins on the Micro:bit  are used  to  interact  with external
                                                            components like sensors, motors and LEDs. These pins can
                                                            be configured as either input or output, depending on the
                                                            needs of the project.

                        ∑  Jumper Wires: Jumper wires are used to make connections
                         between the breadboard, components and the Micro:bit.

                         They are essential for connecting the pins on the board to
                         the appropriate components in your project, ensuring the
                         circuit function properly.

                               UNDERSTANDING ULTRASONIC SENSORS

                     Ultrasonic sensors are devices  that  use high-frequency sound  waves to
                     measure  distance,  detect  objects  and  sense  movement.  They  work by

                     emitting ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to
                     return after bouncing off an object. These sensors are widely used in robotics,
                     automation, industrial applications and even vehicles for parking assistance.

                                                                                     IoT and Smart Motions with Micro:bit  149

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