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    They are used in appliances, robots, medical devices, cars, and industrial machines. Many have
                     timers, ADCs, and communication ports (I2C, SPI, UART) for connecting with other devices.
                     Examples include Micro:BIT Arduino (ATmega328) and Raspberry Pi, programmed in C, C++, or
                     Python. Microcontrollers are found in smartwatches, home automation, and AI devices, making
                     technology smarter and more efficient in daily life.

                     Let us understand this with an example of a line following robot:
                     A line-following robot is an autonomous robot that uses sensors to detect and follow a line on the
                     ground, usually a black or white strip on a surface. It is commonly used in automation, industrial
                     transport systems, and robotics competitions.

                     HOW DOES IT WORK?

                     It uses various parts to work which are as follows:
                        ∑  Microcontroller  (Brain): The robot  is  controlled  by  a microcontroller  like  an Arduino

                         (ATmega328) or Raspberry Pi Pico.
                        ∑  Sensors: The robot has infrared (IR) sensors that detect the line. These sensors send signals
                         to the microcontroller.

                        ∑  Motors and Wheels: Based  on the  sensor input,  the  microcontroller  controls  the  motor
                         drivers, which move the wheels to keep the robot on track.

                        ∑  Power Source: It runs on a battery pack that powers the motors and microcontroller.

                                                                                              Exploring Microcontrollers  133

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