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    1. Empathise
                         In robotics, this stage involves understanding the users and their environment. Observations are

                      made on how people currently solve a problem. Interviews, surveys, or field research may be
                      conducted to gather insights. The focus is on understanding:
                         ∑   Who will use the robot?
                         ∑   What challenges do they face?

                         ∑   What limitations exist in the current system?

                         Example: When designing a waste-sorting robot for a school, the current waste management
                      process is observed, and problems such as the mixing of dry and wet waste are identified.
                         The goal is to understand the human need behind the robot.

                     2. Define

                          In this stage, the problem is clearly defined based on the research conducted. The problem
                       statement should focus on the needs of the users.

                         Example: How might a robot be designed to automatically sort different types of waste in a
                      school to reduce manual effort and improve cleanliness?
                         A well-defined problem statement is essential as it guides the robot’s purpose and design.

                     3. Ideate

                          This stage is about generating a wide range of ideas for the robot. Students may brainstorm
                       questions such as:

                          ∑   What type of sensors can detect materials?
                          ∑   Should the robot move or remain stationary?

                          ∑   How will it separate objects?
                     What power source should it use?

                          Example: When designing a waste-sorting robot, students might brainstorm ideas like using
                       infrared sensors to detect different types of materials, having the robot move on wheels for
                       flexibility, using a conveyor belt to separate the waste, and choosing solar power as an eco-
                       friendly energy source.

                          Sketches, flowcharts, and rough mechanical models are created during this stage. No idea is
                       rejected, and creativity is encouraged. The goal is to generate a large number of ideas before
                       selecting the best one.

                     4. Prototype

                          In this stage, a simple model of the robot is built to test its functionality. A prototype in robotics
                       can include:
                          ∑   A cardboard structure to show movement.

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