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Low-Level Language (LLL)
A low-level language is a programming language that is machine dependent. A program written
in machine dependent language runs only on one particular type of computer. There are two
categories of low-level languages Machine Language and Assembly Language:
Machine Language (1GL)
Machine language is the only language understood by the computer. It is also known as the
first generation language (1GL). Machine language is very difficult for programmers to use
because it only consists of two digits, 0 and 1, called binary digits or bits. Where the bit '0'
represents the OFF state and the bit '1' represents the ON state.
Assembly Language (2GL)
Assembly language is also known as second generation language (2GL). It is the language
in which program codes are written in the form of alphanumeric symbols called ‘Mnemonics’
instead of 0 and 1. In the assembly language, a programmer writes abbreviations such as A
for addition, C for compare, L for load, and M for multiply. Because of this feature, it is also
known as ‘Symbolic Language‘.
High-Level Language (HLL)
High-level language is a programming language that enables a programmer to write programs
that are machine independent. This type of languages are considered as high-level languages
because they are closer to human languages and away from machine languages.
The main advantages of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to
read and write. Let's discuss about some high-level languages.
Third Generation Languages (3GL)
In third generation languages (3GL), the programmer writes a series of English like words
that tells the computer what to accomplish and how to do. Many third generation languages
also use arithmetic operators such as * for multiplication and + for addition. Some early
procedural 3GL are BASIC, PASCAL, C and FORTRAN. Some other advanced object-oriented
3GL are C++, Java, and C#.
Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)
The fourth generation languages also use English like statements. They specify what the program
should accomplish without explaining how. A 4GL is fast and requires less time and effort on
the part of the programmer. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use and programmers with very little
programming background can develop programs. Examples of 4GL are SQL, Perl, Python, etc.
Natural Languages (5GL)
The fifth-generation languages, also known as natural languages are the programming
languages that have visual tools to develop a program. Examples of fifth generation language
include Mercury, OPS5, and Prolog. A Natural language is very easy to use. Natural languages
are often associated with expert system and artificial intelligence.
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