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History of Computers

Early Counting Tools: Ancient humans used counting tools such as
fingers, toes, pebbles, stones, and sticks, which helped in performing
basic calculations.
Early Counting Tools

Abacus: The first calculating device invented around 3000 BC in China, it was used
for simple arithmetic.

Abacus
Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator,
capable of addition and subtraction.
Pascaline

Leibniz Step Reckoner (1672): Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz expanded
Blaise Pascal’s ideas and invented the digital mechanical calculator
that could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Leibniz Step Reckoner

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine (1822 &
1833): Charles Babbage developed steam-driven
calculating machine Difference Engine in 1822, that
was the size of a room. But even after working on
this project for 10 years, this machine never became
a reality. Difference Engine Analytical Engine

In 1833, he invented a machine called the Analytical Engine, the first-ever working model of a
mechanical computer, a fully program-controlled machine. It included integrated memory, program
flow control, and ALU, which is why Charles Babbage is known as the Father of Computers.

Lady Ada Lovelace introduced the concept of programming for
Charles Babbage's Analytical engine, earning her the title of the First
Computer Programmer.

Lady Ada Lovelace
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine (1890): Herman Hollerith, built an
electromechanical device called the Tabulating Machine in 1890. The
machine read and stored data from punched cards.

Computer Generations Tabulating Machine

1. First Generation (1940s):
∑ Mark-I, ENIAC and UNIVAC were large, used vacuum tubes, and were very slow and expensive.

∑ Focused on basic arithmetic operations.

#Introduction to ICT 13