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    RELATIVE REFERENCES

                     In relative reference, you actually refer to a cell that is above or below and left or right of
                     a number of rows or columns. Copying a formula with a relative reference from one cell
                     to another also modifies the copied cell's value. To use the relative cell reference, perform
                     the following steps:

                                                                2  Click on the Copy button.

                            3  Select another cell in
                           which you want to copy
                           the formula and click
                           on the Paste button.

                             1  Select the cell that
                            contains the formula in
                            which the reference of
                            other cells is used.

                     ABSOLUTE REFERENCES

                     If you wish to maintain the original references as they were, then you should make use
                     of the absolute references. If you want to make the formula retain the original reference
                     when copied, precede the column reference and the row reference by a dollar ($) symbol.

                     For example, if you want to give a discount of 10% on each product, the discount will
                     remain the same for all products.

                     To calculate the amount to be paid, add the dollar ($) sign to the cell that contains the
                     discount percentage. In this case, the discount percentage is given in cell D3. Hence, the

                     formula will be =((B3*C3)-((B3*C3)*($D$3))).
                     When you copy the formula to the next cell, address of the cell D3 will remain same as shown:

                                                                                     Charts, Formulas & Functions in Excel  53

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