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    Assembly Language

                      Assembly language  is  also  known as  second-generation  language  (2GL). It  is  the
                      language in which program codes are written in the form of alphanumeric symbols called
                      'Mnemonics Code' instead of 0 and 1. In the assembly language, a programmer writes

                      abbreviations such as A for addition, C for compare, L for load, M for Multiply, etc.

                      HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE

                      High-level language is considered to be closer to human beings. It is machine-independent

                      language. However, they need to be translated into binary or machine language. Programs
                      written in high-level languages are called source code. Since the computer understands
                      only 0s and 1s, all high-level languages require a software called language processor or

                      translator to convert the instructions into machine language are also called object code.
                      Let’s discuss about some high-level languages.

                      Third-Generation Languages (3GL)

                      In  third-generation languages (3GL), the  programmer  writes  a  series  of English-like
                      words that tell the computer what to do and how to accomplish it. Many third-generation

                      languages also use arithmetic operators, such as * for multiplication and + for addition.
                      Some  early procedural  3GLs are  BASIC,  PASCAL,  C and  FORTRAN. Other  advanced

                      object-oriented 3GLs include C++, Java and C#.

                      Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)
                      Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) also use English-like statements. They specify what

                      the program should accomplish without explaining how. 4GLs are fast and require less
                      time and effort from the programmer. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use that individuals with
                      very little programming background can develop programs. Examples of 4GLs include

                      SQL, Perl and Python.

                      Natural Languages (5GL)
                      Fifth-generation  languages  (5GLs) use natural language  or visual tools  to  create

                      programs. They focus on specifying what the program should achieve rather than how
                      to achieve it. 5GLs are designed to be very user-friendly, allowing users with minimal

                      programming  experience  to  develop  complex  applications.  These languages  are often
                      employed in fields such as artificial intelligence and expert systems. Examples of 5GLs
                      include Mercury, OPS5 and Prolog.

                       90   Computer Science (V5.0)-V

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