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    Sender: This is a source  in a data  communication  system.  It is a device  that  sends a
                        data message.

                       Receiver: This is the destination of the final message sent by the source. It is a device that
                        receives messages.
                       Transmission medium: This is the channel or bridge through which the message travels from

                        the sender to the receiver.
                       Protocol: This refers to a set of rules or guidelines that defines how data is transmitted and
                        received over a network.

                               NETWORK PROTOCOLS

                     A network  protocol  is  a set  of rules that  are applicable  for a network  to  define  how data  is
                     transmitted and received between the devices connected to the network. Some commonly used

                     network protocols include:
                       Transmission  Control Protocol/Internet  Protocol  (TCP/IP): The protocol  that  is used  to
                        connect devices on the Internet. It sends data in the form of packets and reassembles them at

                        the destination.
                       Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): The protocol that ensures smooth transfer of web pages
                        between a server and browser.

                       Hypertext Transfer  Protocol  Secure (HTTPS): A secure  version of HTTP  that  encrypts  the
                        communication between browser and server.

                       File Transfer Protocol (FTP): A standard network protocol that is used to transfer files from
                        one computer (host) to another.

                       Simple Mail  Transfer Protocol
                        (SMTP): An Internet standard used          How do network topologies affect speed?
                        for sending emails.

                               TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

                     Computer networks can be categorised based on their size and architecture.

                     ON THE BASIS OF SIZE
                     There are various types of networks depending on the size and expanse
                     of the network:

                       Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN covers a small geographic area,
                        like a home, school or office, mostly within a building or campus.
                        Devices  in a  LAN are usually  connected  using Ethernet  cables

                        or Wi-Fi.

                                                                                                  Networks Around Us  11

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