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    The components of a communication system are:

                       Sender: A sender is a device (usually a computer) that wants to send information to another
                       computer connected to the network.

                       Receiver: A receiver is a device that is receiving data from another device on the network.

                       Transmission Medium: The transmission medium, usually a wired connection such as a cable
                       (e.g., Ethernet), is what enables you to transfer data from one computer to another. Wireless
                       communication between networked computers and peripherals is also possible using Wi-Fi,
                       Bluetooth or other wireless technologies.

                       Message: A message is the information or data that needs to be transferred from one device
                       to another.

                       Protocol: A protocol is a set of standard rules used for communication.

                               REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPUTER NETWORKING

                     To establish a computer network, we need some peripherals. Let us take a look at some of the
                     peripherals required to establish a network.

                     NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

                     The  NIC connects a computer  to  a network and allows  it  to
                     communicate with other computers on the network.

                                                HUB
                                                A  hub is  a  networking  device  that  allows us  to  connect  multiple
                                                computers to a single network. A hub works on the physical layer of the

                                                OSI model. It takes the input data from one of the ports and broadcasts
                                                the information to all other ports connected to the network. It has no
                     decision-making capability, so it's a non-intelligent device. Only one transmission takes place on
                     a network at a particular time.

                     SWITCH

                     A switch has a decision-making capacity, so it is called
                     an intelligent device that works in the data link layer of
                     the OSI model. It has knowledge of the MAC addresses
                     (machine addresses) ports in the network. A switch is a
                     secure device that establishes a link between the sender
                     and the receiver, based on the machine  addresses  to
                     transmit information.

                                                                                                  Networking Concepts  9

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