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Managing Memory: An operating system manages memory space for multiple
processes. It keeps track of every memory location, whether it is allocated to a process

or free. It also allocates memory to files and folder deallocates it when files or folders
are deleted.

Managing Resources: An operating system monitors the hardware and software
requirements of processes. It acts as a manager for these resources, allocating them

to different programs as needed.

Managing Devices: An operating system controls all input and output devices
connected to the computer. It processes instructions from input devices and produces

results on output devices.

Security: An operating system includes built-in security features to protect programs
and data against unauthorised access.

Types of Operating System

Operating systems can be categorised based on control and the applications they
support. Here are the important types:

Single-User Operating System: This type of operating system allows only one user

to access the computer system at a time. The most commonly used single-user
operating system is DOS.

Multiprocessing Operating System: A multiprocessing operating system uses more
than one Central Processing Unit (CPU) to manage the computer's functions. These

CPUs communicate with each other to coordinate operations, providing higher speed
and the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.

Multi-Tasking Operating System: A multi-tasking operating system allows users to

execute multiple tasks on one computer simultaneously. All tasks share common
processing resources like the CPU. This type of operating system also allows for
changing the priority of tasks according to requirements. Common examples include

Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 10, UNIX and Linux.

Multi-User Operating System: In this type of operating system, multiple users can
access the computer simultaneously. Examples include Linux and some versions of

Windows.

Real-Time Operating System: This operating system is designed to do tasks quickly
and within a set time. It’s often used in machines, instruments and industrial systems
where timing is crucial, like in robotics or automatic controls in factories.

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