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In the past, a great deal of research was conducted to develop a powerful machine. In this
chapter, you will learn about the scientists who were responsible for creating the effective
device you use in your everyday life.

Early Counting Tools

Since ancient times, people have invented tools for calculations. Early humans tied knots in
ropes and carved marks on clay to keep records. They also used fingers, toes, pebbles, stones,

sticks, knotted strings and bones to count.

Early Counting Tools

Abacus—First Calculating Device

The first step towards computing was the invention of the Abacus around
3000 years ago in China. It is a wooden frame with beads on parallel wires. It
is used to do simple calculations like addition and subtraction. This device
is used to calculate numbers at a fast speed.
Abacus

Factbot

Abacus is also used in schools as an aid in teaching the numeral system.

Pascaline Adding Machine

In 1642, a mathematician, Blaise Pascal invented
the calculating machine called Pascaline
adding machine when he was 19 years old. The
numbers were fed into the machine by dialling

them on the wheels. This device is believed to be
the first mechanical calculator in the world. Pascaline Blaise Pascal
This machine was capable of performing only addition and subtraction.

Factbot

In 1617, John Napier invented the calculating device called Napier bones. It was able to perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Computer Timeline 21