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    With time, business enterprises and other public as well as private organisations deployed systems that
                  were complex in nature and were more powerful with automation. These machines not only process
                  information, but also have the capabilities to handle certain situations dynamically like humans. For
                  example, machines deployed in stock exchange, industrial plants, aircrafts, etc.

                  The journey of interaction between human and a machine  used to be very complex but as the evolution
                  and inventions introduced, it has become a child's play. Lets look at the devices which made it easier.

                  COMPONENTS OF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION

                  To perform a dialog between human and a computer system there are three components that are
                  interconnected— Human, Machine and the interface between them. A computer interface or a program
                  establishes interaction between the user and computer. HMI mainly focuses on this computer interface.
                  Humans and computers use very different channel of communication as you can understand from the
                  data given below:

                                 S.No.                Humans                          Computers
                                   1.     Sensory Memory                    Keyboard/Mouse/Touchpad
                                   2.     Short-term memory                 Speech Recognition

                                   3.     Long-term memory                  Text input devices
                                   4.     Visual Perception                 Eye-tracking

                                   5.     Auditory perception               Display screens
                                   6.     Speech and voice                  Printing abilities

                  STAGES OF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTIONS

                  There are 4 stages of HMI. This involves the activities of intention, selection, execution and evaluation.
                      Intention: This is the first stage of HMI. In this stage the user first sets the goal for interaction. And
                     then perform actions using a system to reach to the goal. This is a mental stage.

                      Selection: This stage is also defined as the selection of action. In this stage order of actions are set.
                     This means that the user defines how the interaction is going to take place.
                      Execution: Once the course of action is set it moves for the execution. In this stage the action is
                     performed.

                      Evaluation: This is very important stage in HMI as the success of the interaction depends upon the
                     feedback.
                  We can understand these stages in simple terms through an example of celebration of a birthday
                  party. Neha has an intent  to celebrate her birthday  party. She  decides to celebrate it in a hotel.
                  This stage is called intention. She selects a hotel and decides on a few friends and relatives with
                  whom she would like to share her day. This is the  selection stage. Finally, she picks up her
                  friends and relatives in a car and drives to reach the hotel. She orders her meal. This is called the
                  execution stage. Could she celebrate her birthday? Were her friends happy?  Did the meal served
                  to them reached  their level of expectation? Asking  and  answering  these questions  are termed
                  as evaluation.

                     28     Premium Edition-VI

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