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    Artificial Intelligence is made up of the words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines “human-
                     made” and Intelligence defines “thinking ability”, hence AI means “a human-made thinking ability”.

                     The term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ was coined by John McCarthy. In 1956, John organised the Dartmouth
                     Conference where, in his talk, he first used the term “artificial intelligence”, defined as the science and
                     engineering of making intelligent machines. John McCarthy is also known as the ‘Father of AI’.

                     TIMELINE OF AI MILESTONES

                     The journey to understand if machines could truly think began much before John McCarthy’s first
                     academic conference. In Vannevar Bush’s seminal work "As We May Think", he proposed a system
                     which amplifies people’s own knowledge and understanding. Five years later, Alan Turing wrote a paper
                     on the notion of machines being able to simulate human beings and the ability to do intelligent things,
                     such as play Chess.

                     In 1950s, AI was limited to problem solving and later in 1960s US Defence did most of the work. The first
                     intelligent personal assistant was introduced by One Voice as IVAN in the year 1999.

                     The following table represents the evolution of AI over the years:

                      S.No.   Year                                         Milestone

                                     Alan Turing submitted a paper about the possibility of creating a machine that would
                        1.    1950
                                     think.

                                     John McCarthy finally gave the name "Artificial Intelligence". A research was founded
                        2.    1956
                                     in Dartmouth college.

                        3.    1966   First Chatbot ELIZA was created.

                        4.    1967   WABOT project was undertaken in Japan.
                        5.    1972   The world's first full-scale intelligent humanoid robot WABOT-1 was completed.

                        6.    1980   Form of AI program “Expert System” was adapted.
                                     Deep Thought and HiTech defeated chess masters. It led to the development of Deep
                        7.    1989
                                     Blue.

                        8.    1997   Deep Blue defeated then reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

                        9.    2002   Roomba, the robotic vacuum was developed.

                       10.    2011   IBM Watson, a question-answer computer system won a quiz show.

                       11.    2012   Google Now, a search application for Android and iOS was launched.

                       12.    2014   Eugene Goostman, a Chatbot won the Turing Test again convincing 33% of the judges.

                       13.    2015   Voice-Controlled Intelligent Speakers—Amazon Echo, was available in the market.

                       14.    2016   The first social humanoid Robot Sophia made her first public appearance.

                                                                                            Pioneers in the Field of AI  11

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