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    1964 – ELIZA: The First Chatbot
                                                                       Developed  between  1964  and 1966  by Joseph
                                                                       Weizenbaum  at MIT, ELIZA  was one  of  the  first
                                                                       computer programs designed  to simulate human
                                                                       conversation. ELIZA  used pattern matching  to
                                                                       simulate a conversation with  a human, famously
                                                                       mimicking a Rogerian psychotherapist. Although basic
                                                                       by today’s standards, ELIZA introduced the concept of
                                                                       Natural Language Processing (NLP), a crucial area of
                                                                       AI focused on enabling machines to understand and
                     generate human language. ELIZA remains a foundational example of early AI’s ability to interact with
                     users through text.

                        Mid-1960s – Shakey the Robot
                         Shakey, developed at the Stanford Research Institute
                       (SRI)  between  1966  and  1972,  was  the  first  mobile
                       robot capable of reasoning  about  its own  actions
                       and surroundings. Unlike earlier robots that followed
                       predefined scripts, Shakey was able to plan a sequence
                       of  movements to  achieve  specific  tasks, such  as
                       navigating  through  a room and picking  up objects.
                       Shakey demonstrated the integration of perception,
                       reasoning  and  action,  a milestone  in  autonomous
                       robotics. Shakey's ability to reason and make decisions set the stage for modern robots capable of
                       complex tasks in dynamic environments.

                                         1973 – WABOT-1: The First Humanoid Robot
                                           In 1973, Ichiro Kato and his team at Waseda University in Japan introduced WABOT-1,
                                         the first large-scale humanoid robot. WABOT-1 was designed to communicate in
                                         Japanese and measure distance and direction to objects using sensors, making it
                                         capable of moving autonomously in its environment. This milestone in humanoid
                                         robotics was significant because it marked the first time a robot was designed to
                                         mimic human-like abilities, such as walking and interacting with its surroundings,
                                         opening the door for future developments in humanoid robotics.

                        1984 – WABOT-2: The Successor

                         In 1984, WABOT-2, the successor to WABOT-1, was introduced.
                       Designed by Waseda University, WABOT-2 was capable of playing
                       a keyboard instrument, the electronic organ and could read
                       and  interpret  musical scores. This  development  demonstrated
                       advanced motor control and cognitive abilities in robots, including
                       the ability to perform intricate tasks that required precision and
                       understanding  of complex patterns. WABOT-2's  ability  to read
                       and play music was a major step forward in integrating AI with
                       human-like tasks.

                                                                                            Pioneers in the Field of AI  13

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