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Elements (also called Nodes or Variables)

Elements are the individual components, actors, or variables that influence a system. These
may include people, actions, events, organisations, policies, or environmental factors. In a
systems map, each element is typically represented by a labelled node or circle.

Example: In a health system, elements could include diet, exercise, access to medical care, and
disease incidence.

Relationships

Elements are connected by relationships, which indicate how one element affects another.
These relationships are represented by arrowhead lines (→), showing the direction of influence
or causality.
The nature of these relationships is classified as:

• Positive relationship (+): When an increase in one element causes an increase in another,
or a decrease leads to a decrease.

Example: An increase in air pollution leads to an increase in respiratory problems.

Pollution → (+) Respiratory Illnesses
• Negative relationship (–): When an increase in one element causes a decrease in another,

or vice versa.
Example: An increase in exercise reduces the risk of heart disease.

Exercise → (–) Heart Disease Risk

Feedback Loops

Feedback loops are cycles where a chain of cause and effect eventually loops back to influence
the original element. These loops explain system dynamics and are key to predicting long-term
outcomes.

• Reinforcing loop (Positive feedback): Amplifies the original effect, often leading to growth
or escalation.

Example: More users on a social platform → more content shared → more users join.
• Balancing loop (Negative feedback): Counteracts change, helping the system maintain

stability.
Example: A thermostat increases heating when the temperature drops, and turns it off
when the desired level is reached.

Why Do We Use Systems Map?

We understand that systems consist of different interconnected parts. When a problem occurs,
it is complex and interconnected. Systems mapping visualises the relationships, identifies the

root cause, and designs a better solution.

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