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• Cancer → More lung damage (+): Once cancer begins, it further harms the lungs, making
the condition worse.
• Cancer → More smoking (+): In some cases, a person may continue smoking even after

being diagnosed, which increases the problem.
• Lung damage → Smoking (–): As lung damage gets worse, the person may feel symptoms
like shortness of breath, which might lead them to reduce or quit smoking. This creates

negative feedback that may help control the damage.

Feedback loops
• Positive feedback loop (Reinforcing)
Smoking → Lung damage → Cancer → More lung damage → Worsening health

This loop keeps making the problem worse if nothing is done to stop it. It’s like a snowball
effect—things keep getting worse.
• Negative feedback loop (Balancing)

Lung damage → Difficult breathing → Person quits smoking → Less lung damage
This loop helps stop the problem from growing. It can lead to better health outcomes if

the person changes their behaviour.
Let us take another example to understand the concept of system map.

System map: Food Delivery System

Purpose:

This system map visually represents the flow of interactions between the key components in
an online food delivery system.

Key elements in the system are:
• Customer
• Delivery App

• Restaurant
• Payment Gateway
• Support Team

How the elements are connected (Cause and Effect)?
• customer → Delivery App (+): More customers increase the number of orders through the app.
• delivery App → Restaurant (+): More orders are forwarded to restaurants.
• customer → Payment Gateway (+): More customers = more transactions.
• payment Gateway → Support Team (+): More transactions may lead to more queries

needing support.
• customer → Support Team (+): More customers may also result in more issues or feedback.

• restaurant → Support Team (–): Efficient restaurant performance reduces customer
complaints, lowering pressure on the support team.

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