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    BRIDGE BACK
                      1.  While adding 10 grocery items, you multiply the quantity and price for each item repeatedly.
                          Which computational thinking concept is this?

                                   (i)  Loop                                        (ii)  Condition
                                 (iii)  Abstraction                                (iv)  Encapsulation

                      2.  You calculate the cost of a shopping list manually and with an online calculator. What concept are
                          you applying here?
                                   (i)  Logic masking                               (ii)  Comparing solutions

                                 (iii)  Problem segmentation                       (iv)  Abstraction

                     In our daily lives, whether we are solving puzzles, doing school projects or using technology, it is
                     always easier to break a big task into smaller steps.

                         First, we divide a large problem into smaller, easier parts.

                         Next, some details stay hidden and we only see the useful part
                        we need.

                         Sometimes,  the  difficult  rules and  processes  are
                        covered and we are shown only the simple results.
                         Finally, we focus only on the main idea and ignore
                        the extra details that are not important.

                     By doing this, we make even hard problems simple to
                     understand and easy to solve.                                                      RAVI PILLAI

                     For example, a Personal ID Card is an important way                               Software Engineer
                     to identify yourself in school, office or any organisation.       Emp. ID: 1243661  DOB: 21/7/1995
                                                                                                                 +
                                                                                                          Blood Gr.: A
                     It includes  details  like  your name, photo,  position,          Dept.: IT
                     employee ID, blood group and department.

                     To create the Personal ID Card, you’ll follow four simple concepts:

                     1.  Problem segmentation: Break the large task into small and manageable steps.
                     2.  Encapsulation: Keep all the related details together, like your name, photo and ID number, so
                        they’re easy to find.

                     3.  Logic masking: Hide the complex details, such as extra information that isn’t needed right
                        now and only show the important parts.

                     4.  Abstraction: Focus on the main details, like your name and position and leave out the extra
                        irrelevant information.

                     By following these steps, you’ll create a Personal ID Card that’s easy to use and looks great.

                                                                                                                      53
                                                                                        Abstraction: The Art of Simplifying

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