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2.  Write the features of natural languages.
                   Ans.  Some of the features of natural languages are:
                       •  They are governed by set rules that include syntax, lexicon, and semantics.
                       •  All natural languages are redundant, i.e., the information can be conveyed in multiple ways.
                       •  All natural languages change over time.
                    3.  Why is NLP important?
                   Ans.  Communication through text or speech is a common method of interaction among humans. Now, computers are
                       equipped with a technology called Natural Language Processing, enabling them to understand, learn, process, and
                       manipulate human language.
                    4.  What do you understand by the term text classification?
                   Ans.  Text classification is the process of automatically organising text into predefined categories based on content and
                       context. For example, email services like Gmail use NLP-based spam filtering to classify emails into spam and non-spam
                       categories. Articles can be organised by topics, chat conversations can be categorised by languages, and customer
                       reviews can be grouped by sentiment or relevance.
                    5.  How many stages is NLP (Natural Language Processing) typically divided into?
                   Ans.  This process is divided into five major stages which are as follows:
                       •  Lexical Analysis
                       •  Syntactic Analysis
                       •  Semantic Analysis
                       •  Discourse Integration
                       •  Pragmatic Analysis
                 B.  Long answer type questions.

                    1.  Explain the five stages of NLP.
                   Ans.  The five stages of NLP can be explained as follows:
                       •  Lexical Analysis: In this stage, an AI machine identifies and analyses the structure of words in a speech and converts
                          them into text. This text is then converted into paragraphs, sentences and words by lexical analyser. Lexicon refers
                          for a collection of the various words and phrases used in a language.
                       •  Syntactic Analysis: In this stage, the converted words and sentences are arranged according to the grammar of the
                          language. This arrangement highlights the relationships between words. For example, if you are using the English
                          language, the syntactic analyser will reject unorganised sentences like “deer over leaped the bear”.
                       •  Semantic Analysis: In this stage, the semantic analyser checks the meaningfulness of the text and extracts logical
                          meaning from it. This task is done by mapping syntactic structures and objects in the task domain.
                       •  Discourse Integration: In this stage, the meaning of the sentence is drawn according to the meanings of the
                          preceding and succeeding sentences.
                       •  Pragmatic Analysis: In this stage, deriving those aspects of language which require real world knowledge. The
                          actual meaning of the sentence is rechecked in this process.
                    2.  Differentiate between smart-bot and script-bot.
                   Ans.  The difference between smart-bot and script-bot are as follows:

                            Factor                      Smart-bot                                Script-bot
                                       AI-driven  bot  capable  of  learning,  adapting,  and  A  rule-based  bot  that  follows  predefined
                        Definition
                                       handling complex tasks.                      scripts or workflows.
                        Intelligence   High:  Can  use  AI  and  machine  learning  to  make  Low:  Only  performs  tasks  based  on
                        Level          decisions.                                   hardcoded instructions.


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