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UNIT-6



                                                                   NATURAL LANGUAGE


                                                                            PROCESSING










                 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a powerful technology that helps machines act like humans. It allows them to do
                 tasks that usually need human thinking. AI works in many areas, like image recognition, robotic control, and
                 decision-making. One important domain of AI is Natural Language Processing (NLP), which helps machines
                 understand and use human language.
                 AI uses advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning to find patterns, make decisions, and solve
                 problems. In NLP, AI enables machines the ability to handle complex language, including semantics (meanings),
                 context, and structure.

                         What is Natural Language?


                 Natural language refers to the language humans use to communicate with one another, such as English, Spanish,
                 French, Japanese, Mandarin, and many others. These languages develop naturally over time and are used for
                 everyday communication, unlike artificial languages such as programming languages or mathematical notations.

                 Rules that Govern Different Languages

                 Languages are governed by structured rules, including grammar, syntax, and phonetics, that define their unique
                 patterns and usage. These rules ensure clear communication and maintain consistency across speaking, writing,
                 and comprehension. Some of the rules governing different languages are as follows:
                    • Syntax: This refers to the rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language. It dictates how words and
                   phrases should be arranged to make sense. For example, in English, a typical sentence follows the structure:
                   Subject + Verb + Object (e.g., “John (subject) eats (verb) an apple (object)”). If the syntax is incorrect, the
                   sentence can become confusing or meaningless.
                    • Lexicon refers to the complete set of words and their meanings in a particular language. It’s like a “dictionary”
                   that contains all the vocabulary used by people to communicate. For example, words like “book,” “eat,” “fast,”
                   “run” are part of the English lexicon. These are basic words that people use every day to communicate.
                    • Semantics is about the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It looks at how we understand and interpret
                   these meanings when we use language. For example, the word “bat” can have different meanings depending
                   on the context of a sentence. A bat can refer to a flying mammal (the animal). A bat can also refer to a piece
                   of equipment used in sports like baseball or cricket.
                                Reboot


                       1.  Differentiate between syntax and semantics.

                       2.  Name the language used by computers to work.


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