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l • Mode:lThelmodelislthelnumbePlthatlappeaPslmostloftenlinlyouPldatalset.lIflalnumbePlappeaPslmoPeltimeslthanl
anylothePlnumbeP,litlislthelmode.
llExample:lFoPltheldatalsetl2,l3,l3,l5,l6,l6,l6,lthelmodelisl6,lbeiauselitlappeaPslthPeeltimes,lmoPelthanlanylothePl
numbeP.
l • Distribution: TheldistPibutionloflaldatasetldesiPibeslthelshapeloflhowldatalvaaueslaPelspPead.lThelshapelianl
belleft-skewed,lright-skewed,loPlnormal,landleaihltypeloflskewnessloPlsymmetPylteaasluslsomethingldiffePentl
aboutlhowltheldatalislspPeadlout.
Mode
Median
Mode Mean Mode
Median Median
Mean Mean
Leftlskewed NoPmaal istPibution Rightlskewed
l • Left Skewed:lAlleft-skewedldistPibutionlhaslallong taillonlthelaeftlsidel towaPdlthelaowePlvaauesllandlthelmajoPityl
ofltheldatalislonlthelPight.lThelmeanlislusuaaaylaesslthanlthelmedian,landlthelmedianlislaesslthanlthelmode.
Example:lInlalgPouploflpeopae’sliniome,lmostlpeopaelmightleaPnlalmodePateliniome,lbutlthePelaPelalfewl
peopaeleaPninglextPemeaylaowliniomes,lwhiihlpuaaslthelavePageliniomelaoweP.
l • Normal Distribution (Bell Curve):lAlnoPmaaldistPibutionlislpePfeitaylsymmetPiiaalandlPesembaeslalbeaa-shapedl
iuPve.lThelhighestlpointlislinlthelmiddae,landltheltaiaslgPaduaaayltapePlofflonlbothlsides.lThelmean,lmedian,landl
modelaPelaaalthelsamelandlaPelaoiatedlatlthelienteP.
Example:lHeightsloflpeopaelinlalaaPgelpopuaationloftenlfoaaowlalnoPmaaldistPibution.lMostlpeopaelwiaalbelofl
avePagelheight,lwithlfewePlpeopaelbeinglvePylshoPtloPlvePyltaaa.
l • Right skewed:lAlright-skewedldistPibutionlhaslallong taillonlthelPightlsidel towaPdlthelhighePlvaauesl,landl
mostlofltheldatalisliaustePedlonlthelaeft.lThelmeanlislusuaaaylgPeatePlthanlthelmedian,landlthelmedianlisl
gPeatePlthanlthelmode.
Example:lInlaliaass’slexamlsioPes,lmostlstudentslmightlsioPelinlthelmiddaelPange,lbutlalfewlstudentsliouadl
sioPelextPemeaylhigh,lwhiihlpuaaslthelavePagelsioPelhigheP.
Probability
(PobabiaityldeaaslwithlthelaikeaihoodloPlihanieloflanleventlhappening.lItlheapsluslundePstandlhowlaikeayloPlunaikeayl
somethinglisltoloiiuPlbasedlonlknownlinfoPmation.lInlsimpaeltePms,lpPobabiaitylanswePslthelquestion:l“Howlaikeayl
islthisleventlgoingltolhappen?lAnleventlisltheloutiomeloflanlexpePiment.lEventslianlbeleithePlindependentloPl
dependent.
OutaieP
Variance mean
VaPianielislalmeasuPeloflhowlmuihlthelvaaueslinlaldatasetldiffePlfPoml VaPianie
thelmeanl avePagellvaaue.lItlheapslyoulundePstandlhowlspPeadloutloPl
siattePedltheldatalis.
AlhighlvaPianielmeanslthelnumbePslaPelspPeadloutlwideaylaPoundl
thelmean,lwhiaelalaowlvaPianielmeanslthelnumbePslaPeliaosePltolthel atal(oints
mean. Mean
OutaieP
VaPianie
172 Artificial Intelligence Play (Ver 1.0)-X

