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o  Rights-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks are based on respecting and upholding individual’s
                      rights. These frameworks ensure that all policies and actions focus on basic human rights. In context to AI, it
                      means that AI systems should respect human rights and not discriminate any specific group.
                    o  Utility-based ethical  frameworks:  These  frameworks  evaluate  actions  focusing  on  maximising  overall
                      good, or minimising harm. These frameworks balance benefits and costs to achieve the maximum benefit to
                      the maximum number of people. In context to AI, it may involve the potential benefits of AI applications in
                      the betterment of human race against the risks like data privacy and biasness, involved in using AI

                    o  Virtue-based ethical frameworks: These frameworks emphasise on the importance of  building a strong
                      moral foundation and good character traits such as kindness, compassion and empathy involved in decision
                      making. In context to AI, it would mean that the developers and users of AI should follow ethical virtues
                      throughout the AI project cycle.

                 These categories offer a clear way to handle ethical issues in AI development and use, making sure that the needs
                 of different sectors and key ethical values are properly considered.

                                Reboot



                      1.  How does a utility-based ethical framework in AI evaluate actions?
                      2.   How can AI developers ensure they follow rights-based ethical framework during the design of
                          an AI system?




                         Exploring Bioethics


                 Bioethics  is  an  ethical  framework  that  addresses  complex  moral  dilemmas  in  healthcare,  medicine,  and  the
                 biological  sciences.  It  integrates  principles  from  multiple  disciplines,  including  medicine,  law,  philosophy,  and
                 sociology, to guide ethical decision-making. The primary goal of bioethics is to ensure that healthcare decisions
                 are made fairly, respect individual rights, and protect human dignity.
                 For example, in cases such as organ transplant or end-of-life care, bioethics provides a framework to ensure that
                 decisions are compassionate, just, and equitable. By fostering trust, fairness, and respect, bioethics enhances the
                 quality of care and upholds societal values in healthcare.

                 Principles of Bioethics

                 The principles of bioethics are foundational guidelines that help address moral and ethical dilemmas in healthcare,
                 medical research, and biological sciences. These principles ensure fairness, respect, and accountability in decision-
                 making. The four primary principles of bioethics are:
                    • Respect of Autonomy: Autonomy emphasises  the importance of respecting an individual's right to make
                   decisions about their own body and life. It values informed consent, personal choice, and self-determination.
                   For example, a patient has the right to accept or refuse a medical procedure after understanding its risks and
                   benefits.
                    • Beneficence (Maximum Benefits): It involves promoting the well-being and welfare of an individual or society.
                   In other words, it means acting in ways that support the best interests of others. In healthcare, beneficence
                   requires professionals to act in the best interest of their patients by promoting well-being and taking positive
                   actions to prevent harm.
                    • Non-maleficence (Do Not Harm): This principle focuses on avoiding actions that could harm others whether
                   intentional or unintentional to an individual or a community.
                                                            Revisiting AI Project Cycle & Ethical Frameworks for AI   103
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