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• System Clock that synchronises all the components of the motherboard.
                    • Power connector that gives power supply to all the essential components on the motherboard.


                         Understanding Operating System

                 An Operating System is a system software which acts as an interface
                 between the user and the computer. It is an important component   APP APP
                 of a computer system which controls  all other  components      APP APP
                 of the computer system. It helps us to communicate with the
                 computer without knowing its  language.  Without an Operating                   Operating
                 System the computer is of no use. Some of the commonly used                      System
                 Operating Systems are Windows, DOS, UNIX, Ubuntu, MacOS etc.
                 Mobile devices also have operating system that help them perform
                 their functions. For example, Apple iOS and Google Android.


                         Booting                                                              Operating System

                 Booting is a process of starting the operating system and loading it in the computer’s memory when the power
                 is switched on. It is of two types:
                    • Cold Booting: After the computer is shut down completely followed by power off and then we switch it on to
                   start it, then, it is called cold booting.
                    • Warm Booting: It is when we press the Restart button without switching off the power supply and the computer
                   is reloaded with all its operating system files.


                         Procedure for Starting a Computer

                 When the power button is switched on, Windows 11 follows the given Start up Process:

                    • As soon as the power is on, ROM loads the BIOS instructions into the computer’s memory.
                    • It does Power On Self Test to check that all the hardware devices are functioning properly with constant supply
                   of the electricity. In case there is any error, a beep sound is produced, an error message is displayed on the
                   screen and the system stops loading windows.


                 Login and logout
                 The term "login" refers to the process of accessing and entering a user account to access the user's personalised
                 desktop environment. It involves  the steps necessary for providing the credentials details like username and
                 password etc. so that an authenticated person will gain access to the operating system. A login ID and password
                 is like a key to the lock which allows you to use the computer.

                 The login process is the initial step after starting or restarting a computer. The steps involved in login:
                 Step 1    Windows will display a sign-in screen where you can see a list of user accounts or enter your username/
                           email and password.
                 Step 2   Windows will verify your credentials against the information stored for the selected user account.
                 Step 3    Upon successful authentication, Windows will load your personalised desktop and launch background
                           processes.
                 Step 4   You are now logged in, and your user session begins.

                 Logging out is an essential step for security and privacy, as it ensures that unauthorised users cannot access your
                 account or data after you have finished your session. When you log out, you terminate your current user session,
                 and access to the system or application is restricted until you log in again.
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