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                             Artificial  PhET Lab   Tinkercad   Micro:bit     VEX        Digital    School Fee
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           Shaping Young Minds Through Artificial Intelligence & Robotics




                                                              |
                                                  Content   Team Orange]]></page><page Index="4"><![CDATA[Published by:
                      Orange Education (An Imprint of Orange House Pvt Ltd)
                      9, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
                      Phone: 011-43776600     +918588814859
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                      Published and Distributed by Orange House Pvt Ltd




                            Preface


                      In today’s rapidly changing world, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics are transforming the way we live, learn and connect. As
                      the need for future-ready skills continues to grow, it is vital to equip students with the knowledge and tools required to excel
                      in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).
                      AI RoboGenius offers an engaging learning journey that combines the fascinating worlds of Artificial Intelligence, robotics and
                      STEM education. Designed to spark curiosity and creativity in young learners, the series blends hands-on exploration, critical
                      thinking and real-world problem-solving to nurture innovation and logical reasoning.
                      The projects in AI RoboGenius can be carried out through both online simulations and physical kits, giving students the
                      flexibility to learn in digital or hands-on environments. Whether coding, designing or building, learners develop a strong
                      understanding of STEM and AI concepts while applying them in practical, meaningful ways. The series focuses on experiential
                      learning, ensuring that students not only grasp theoretical knowledge but also learn to use it effectively in real-life situations.
                      Aligned  with international  educational  standards,  AI  RoboGenius supports  the development  of essential  skills such as
                      analytical thinking, computational reasoning and creative problem-solving. By the end of the series, students will gain the
                      confidence to innovate, design intelligently and transform their ideas into tangible outcomes.
                      We welcome constructive suggestions to help enhance AI RoboGenius further and make the learning experience even more
                      inspiring and impactful.
                                                                                                                 —Author]]></page><page Index="5"><![CDATA[TRULY ALIGNED WITH THE 9 PRINCIPLES OF NCFSE-2023


                       The books follow the principles of curriculum, values and discipline while promoting inclusion
                        and using real-life contexts. They use clear language, creative pedagogy and technology to
                     make learning joyful. The presentation is engaging, supporting every child’s meaningful learning.

                                                      st
                                                    21  CENTURY SKILLS

                      Learning Skills (4Cs)            Literacy Skills (IMT)           Life Skills (FLIPS)

                            Critical Thinking                 Information Literacy           Flexibility
                            Creativity                       Media Literacy                   Leadership & Responsibility
                            Communication                     Technology Literacy            Initiative
                            Collaboration                                                     Productivity & Accountability
                                                                                             Social Interaction










                                                      DIGITAL RESOURCES


                 FLIPBOOK


















                                                                                        DIGITAL SIMULATIONS]]></page><page Index="6"><![CDATA[ABOUT THE SERIES




                                                        Learning Resources




                                Ask AIRO


                              Engages with curiosity-based
                              questions and explores insightful
                              answers.

                                                                                    Smart Spark

                                                                                  Discovers short and amazing facts
                                                                                  that spark curiosity and inspire
                                                                                  deeper learning.

                                Ethics Edge

                              Focuses on understanding, practising
                              and applying ethical values and
                              responsible behaviour in robotics.

                                                                                    Challenge Chain

                                                                                  Tackles step-up challenges that
                                                                                  introduce exciting twists and build
                                                                                  problem-solving skills.

                                Ecotech Energy

                              Explores how robots contribute to
                              environmental sustainability through
                              innovation and smart solutions.

                                                                                     Career Climb

                                                                                  Learns about diverse career paths
                                                                                  and how individuals shape and
                                                                                  grow their careers in robotics.
                                 Bot Bits


                              Revisits key points of the chapter
                              through a brief summary for easy
                              recall and understanding.]]></page><page Index="7"><![CDATA[Assessment Resources




                                                                                           Robo Check


                                                                             Reinforces understanding and
                                                                           improves recall of key concepts
                                                                                 through focused practice.

                                     Visual Vault

                      Enhances observation and visual
                  interpretation skills through engaging
                       and thought-provoking visuals.

                                                                          Competency-Based Questions

                                                                                 Builds the ability to apply
                                                                            knowledge effectively and think
                                                                           critically in real-world contexts.

                                      Case Study

                    Builds understanding of real-world
                        applications and highlights the
                       industry relevance of concepts.

                                                                                    Capstone Project

                                                                       Encourages meaningful connections
                                                                          between learning and real-world
                                                                             problem-solving experiences.

                                  Maker Mission

                     Fosters creativity, innovation and
                   hands-on application skills through
                     engaging and practical activities.
                                                                                       Innovation Lab


                                                                        Revises concepts through practical
                                                                               lab activities to understand
                                                                                     and build confidence.]]></page><page Index="8"><![CDATA[CONTENTS





                       1.     HUMAN VS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE                                                   7
                                What is Intelligence?                      Human Intelligence
                                Artificial Intelligence                    Are Computers Smarter?
                                Similarities between Humans and Machines
                                Differences between Humans and Artificial Intelligence


                       2.     SMART WORLD WITH AI                                                               14
                                What are AI Applications?                  AI in Our Everyday Lives
                                Places Where AI is Used                    The Future of AI



                       3.     INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTS, AI, AND MICRO:BIT                                        23

                                Introduction to Robot                      Artificial Intelligence
                                Robots Around Us                           Advantages and Challenges of Robots
                                Meet the Micro: bit – A Tiny Computer for Big Ideas



                       4.     LOGICAL THINKING AND EARLY ALGORITHMS                                            32
                                Learning Sequencing                        Timing Your Instructions
                                First, Next, Last: Order of Commands



                       5.     CODING WITH MICRO:BIT                                                            42
                                Introduction to MakeCode Editor            Start with MakeCode Micro:bit
                                Blocks in Micro:bit                        Writing Your First Program
                                Build a Light Blinking Game



                       6.     SENSORS IN MICRO:BIT                                                             62
                                Motion Sensor                              Compass Sensor
                                Shake to Change the Display Icon           Tilt the Micro:bit to Control an Arrow
                                Find the Directions


                              CAPSTONE PROJECT                                                                  81



                              COMPONENTS LIST                                                                  83


                              YOUNG INNOVATORS                                                                 84]]></page><page Index="9"><![CDATA[1







                                                                                                     Human vs


                                                                                                     Artificial



                                                                                               Intelligence






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    What is Intelligence?                      Human Intelligence
                    Artificial Intelligence                    Are Computers Smarter?
                    Similarities between Humans and Machines
                    Differences between Humans and Artificial Intelligence


                            AIRO, did you know puzzles help improve brain
                            development? They keep people sharp and focused.



                                                                That’s true. Like humans, I also need

                                                             training and updates to stay accurate.




                            So, machines are trained like
                            humans learn through practice?



                                                  Exactly. We aim to make machines smarter, but

                                        understanding human intelligence is still a big challenge.




                            Complicated, but fascinating.





                                                           It is. Soon, you’ll explore how human and

                                                      machine intelligence are alike—and different.








                                                                              Human vs Artificial Intelligence
                                                                                                                    7]]></page><page Index="10"><![CDATA[Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines
                  that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may

                  also be applied to any machine that exhibits qualities associated with a human
                  mind such as learning and problem-solving.



                  WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

                  The ability  to  calculate,  reason, perceive  relationships  and  analogies,  learn

                  from experience,  store and retrieve  information  from memory,  solve problems,
                  comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalise and

                  adapt new situations is known as intelligence.

































                  Some of the forms of intelligence are as follows:

                      The ability to understand and use spoken and written language.

                      The ability to recognise and create musical pitch, rhythm, timbre and tone.

                      The ability to think logically, reason and identify connections.
                      The ability to accumulate visual information, change it and re-create it without

                     referring to the objects.

                      The ability to learn by doing, exploring and discovering.

                      The ability to know our strengths, weaknesses, values and morals.

                      The ability to manage, connect with people, manage masses, easily adapt to
                     social situations, understand the behaviour of other people.



                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                  8]]></page><page Index="11"><![CDATA[The ability  to  identify,  classify  and  manipulate  elements  of the  environment,
                    objects, animals or plants. .

                     You can say that a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped
                    with at least one form of intelligence.




                 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

                 Human brain is one of the most intricate and mysterious organs of the human body.

                 It is extremely powerful and also capable of performing the following functions:
                     Learn from different experiences

                     Understand complex concepts

                     Apply  logic  and  reason  to  solve  mathematical

                    problems

                     Recognise patterns
                     Make inferences and decisions


                     Retain information
                     Communicate  with other human beings through

                    different parts of the body

                 We are unique because of our emotions like self-awareness, passion and motivation

                 that enable us to accomplish complex cognitive tasks.




                               Brainy Fact


                    The human brain weighs 3 pounds  (1.36 kg). It comprises 60% of fat and is one
                    of the fattiest  organs in the human body.  Of  the total  blood  and oxygen  that  is
                    produced in our body, the brain gets 20% of it.





                 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE


                 Artificial  Intelligence  focuses  on building  smart machines  that  are capable  of
                 performing a wide range of tasks which usually requires human intelligence and

                 cognition.






                                                                              Human vs Artificial Intelligence
                                                                                                                    9]]></page><page Index="12"><![CDATA[These intelligent machines are infused with the capability of:

                     learning from experience and historical data

                     analysing their surrounding environment

                     performing actions accordingly

                     Recognise patterns

                     Recognise faces and objects





























                  ARE COMPUTERS SMARTER?

                  It is true that  computers  become  smarter  and more  sophisticated  over time.

                  Computers that are close to human beings are represented as a possible threat.
                  For  example, movies like  Terminator,  Matrix, where the world  is dominated  by

                  computers equipped with artificial intelligence. These days computers are equipped
                  with brains made by humans with a vision that one day these machines will surpass

                  its creators. Though the progress is slow but they are improving in their intelligent
                  activities and capabilities.



                  SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACHINES


                  Nowadays, machines have various qualities similar to humans in various aspects.
                  Some of them are as follows:

                      Just like people, machine can learn too.

                      They gain knowledge and then they learn how to improve and enhance themselves
                     based on the acquired facts.



                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 10]]></page><page Index="13"><![CDATA[Humans have a natural tendency of understanding a situation and take actions
                    accordingly.

                     Both of them have memories to store information.

                     Humans use eyes for vision, whereas machine use cameras. Both can sense the
                    obstacles and can move on their own.

                     Machines and humans can converse with each other. Humans use language for

                    conversations and machine use natural language processing for conversation.



                 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMANS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

                 Following table shows some differences between human intelligence and artificial

                 intelligence:


                               Human Intelligence                          Artificial Intelligence

                       Created by nature                           Created by human intelligence

                       Processes information slower                Process information with high speed

                       Less accurate                               More accurate

                       Capable of adapting changes                 Can’t easily adapt changes

                       Has the capacity of multi-tasking           Performs single task more efficiently

                       Humans are social by nature                 Lack social skills

                       Has self-awareness                          Work is going on to develop this skill








                    «   Artificial  intelligence refers  to  the simulation  of human intelligence  in
                        machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.

                    «   We  can  call a  machine  artificially  intelligent  when it  possess  one  or more  types  of
                        intelligence.


















                                                                              Human vs Artificial Intelligence
                                                                                                                    11]]></page><page Index="14"><![CDATA[3.   AI machines can process huge information in much more faster speed than
                                                                                                                                                   human beings.
                                                            Robo Check

                                                                                                                                                4.  AI machines lack at social skills.
                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                     1.  Which of the following is not the part of intelligence?                                                            COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                                (i)  Storing and retrieving information                                                                     1.  Ishita learns how to solve puzzles faster with practice. What quality of human intelligence

                                                                                                                                                does this show?
                                (ii)  Learning from experience
                                                                                                                                            2.  Riya talks to a chatbot on her computer. The chatbot understands her questions and
                                (iii)  Touching any object                                                                                      gives answers like a human. Which ability of Artificial Intelligence is shown here?


                                (iv)  Solving problems


                     2.  Machines and humans can                         with each other.

                                (i)  Fight                                 (ii)  Converse


                                (iii)  Love                                (iv)  Eat


                     3.  Artificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of                 .

                                (i)  Human intelligence                    (ii)  Animal instincts


                                (iii)  Machine language                    (iv)  Social behaviour

                     4.  Human brain is capable of                     .


                                (i)  Solving mathematical problems


                                (ii)  Recognising patterns


                                (iii)  Retain Information

                                (iv)  All of these



                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  Humans have vision but machine does not have vision.

                     2.   Humans have a natural tendency of understanding a situation and take
                         actions accordingly







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 12]]></page><page Index="15"><![CDATA[3.   AI machines can process huge information in much more faster speed than
                        human beings.


                    4.  AI machines lack at social skills.



                 COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  Ishita learns how to solve puzzles faster with practice. What quality of human intelligence

                    does this show?

                 2.  Riya talks to a chatbot on her computer. The chatbot understands her questions and
                    gives answers like a human. Which ability of Artificial Intelligence is shown here?



                              Deep Thinking                                                        21 st
                                                                                                 Century
                                                                                                  Skills  #Critical Thinking
                   Analyse the tasks given below. Put a tick in the correct column.


                                                                               Easy for          Easy for
                                              Task
                                                                               Humans         AI Machines
                        Identification of living and non-living things

                        Playing games like chess, dark forest, AlphaGo

                        Running and jumping over obstacles
                        Making friends

                        Solving complex problems

                        Expressing emotions
                        Deciding to save a pedestrian or the passenger
                        in the event of collision

                        Bathing
                        Crying

                        Sleeping




                                                                                              21 st
                                                                                             Century   #Communication
                                                                                              Skills
                             Lab


                      Write a short essay using Google Docs or MS Word on the topics "AI Machines
                      can be great friends of human beings." Read it in front of your class.





                                                                              Human vs Artificial Intelligence
                                                                                                                    13]]></page><page Index="16"><![CDATA[2











                                                                                                             Smart



                                                                                            World with AI






                  LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    What are AI Applications?
                    AI in Our Everyday Lives
                    Places Where AI is Used
                    The Future of AI


                             Hey AIRO, do we

                             use AI every day?





                                                                         Yes, AVINA! Smartphones and
                                                                  smart home devices use AI to work.


                             Are there more places
                             where AI is used?





                                                                                 AI is used in healthcare,
                                                                             shopping and even in cars.



                             I didn’t know AI was used so much!
                             I want to learn more about it.





                                                                        Sure! Let’s explore the chapter
                                                                        to discover even more about it.







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 14]]></page><page Index="17"><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used in various areas, from homes to industries and
                 daily life to professional settings. It plays a significant role in improving efficiency

                 and making tasks easier. Let’s explore the different applications of AI in our lives.



                 WHAT ARE AI APPLICATIONS?

                 AI applications are software  programs  that  use
                 AI techniques to perform  tasks  requiring human

                 intelligence.  AI acts as a brain for  machines,
                 enabling  them  to  learn from data  and make

                 decisions or predictions, making life easier, faster
                 and more enjoyable.



                 AI IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES


                 You might be surprised to learn that AI is already a big part of our everyday lives.
                 Here are some ways you use AI each day.


                                                                   Virtual Assistants

                                                                   A virtual assistant is a software that uses

                                                                   AI to perform tasks or services based on
                                                                   user  input often  through  voice  or text.

                      Siri           Google           Alexa        Some popular virtual assistants are Siri,
                                    Assistent                      Alexa and Google Assistant.


                 Navigation


                 Applications  like  Google Maps use  AI to  give  real-time  traffic
                 updates, suggest the fastest routes and even predict arrival times
                 based on traffic patterns.




                                                          Smartphones

                                                          Smartphones use AI to perform tasks like voice

                                                          recognition, facial  recognition and personalised
                                                          recommendations, making them more intelligent
                                                          and user-friendly.





                                                                                      Smart World with AI
                                                                                                                    15]]></page><page Index="18"><![CDATA[Smart Homes

                  AI makes homes smarter by controlling devices like

                  lights, thermostats and security cameras. It adjusts
                  temperature, manages lights and enhances security by

                  detecting unusual activity. AI also helps save energy by
                  efficiently managing appliances.






                                                          Smart Cars

                                                          AI in smart cars processes information from
                                                          sensors and cameras to guide safer driving.

                                                          It supports navigation, suggests better routes
                                                          and helps with parking by judging distances
                                                          accurately. Safety features such as collision

                                                          alerts and adaptive cruise control adjust speed
                  and warn the driver when needed. Some cars also learn driving habits and offer
                  suggestions to improve comfort and safety.


                  Smartwatches and Fitness Bands

                  AI in wearables tracks steps, heart rate, sleep

                  quality and daily movement. It studies these
                  patterns to understand the user’s habits and
                  overall wellbeing. Based on this data, it offers

                  personalised suggestions to improve fitness
                  and rest. Over time, the device becomes more
                  accurate as it learns how the user behaves each

                  day.


                  PLACES WHERE AI IS USED


                  AI is used in various industries, fields or areas to improve efficiency, solve problems
                  or automate tasks. Let’s explore some of the places where AI plays a key role.








                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 16]]></page><page Index="19"><![CDATA[Healthcare

                                                         AI helps doctors diagnose diseases and suggest
                                                         treatments  by  analysing medical  images like

                                                         X-rays and MRIs to detect issues such as cancer
                                                         or fractures.  It  also  helps  create  personalised

                                                         treatment  plans based  on a person’s  health
                                                         history and genetics.

                 Education

                 AI in education  helps personalise  learning by

                 adapting lessons to suit each student’s needs. It
                 can assist teachers with tasks like grading and

                 provide  instant  feedback  to  students,  making
                 learning more efficient and engaging.


                                                           Science

                                                           AI is  revolutionising  science  by  analysing data

                                                           quickly, aiding discoveries in biology, chemistry
                                                           and  physics. It helps predict  outcomes,  model
                                                           systems and assist in experiments. For example,

                                                           AI improves  storm  predictions  and enables
                                                           autonomous exploration by NASA’s Mars robots.



                 Agriculture

                 AI is transforming agriculture by using sensors
                 and drones to monitor crops, predict yields and
                 detect  diseases.  It optimises  irrigation,  reduces

                 pesticide use and helps robots pick crops more
                 efficiently, reducing waste.


                                                       Entertainment


                                                       AI personalises entertainment  by recommending
                                                       movies,  music  and games.  It also enhances
                                                       animations,  gaming  and  music  creation,  making

                                                       experiences more engaging.




                                                                                      Smart World with AI
                                                                                                                    17]]></page><page Index="20"><![CDATA[Banking

                  AI helps banks detect fraud by spotting unusual
                  transactions quickly. It powers chatbots that

                  answer customer questions at any time. It also
                  analyses spending patterns to offer personalised

                  financial advice.

                                                           Shopping

                                                           AI suggests products based on browsing and

                                                           purchase habits. It helps shops manage stock
                                                           by predicting what customers will need. It also

                                                           improves  online  search  so  people  find  items
                                                           more easily.


                  Environmental Monitoring

                  AI studies data from sensors, satellites and
                  weather stations to track changes in air, water

                  and soil. It helps scientists predict natural
                  disasters like floods or forest fires. It also supports
                  efforts to protect wildlife and reduce pollution.


                                                           Sports and Fitness

                                                           AI analyses player performance and training

                                                           data to improve techniques. It helps coaches plan
                                                           better strategies by studying match patterns. It
                                                           also powers fitness apps and devices that track

                                                           progress and give personalised advice.




                  THE FUTURE OF AI


                  The future of AI holds immense potential, with advancements in areas like healthcare,

                  education and automation. AI is expected to become more integrated into daily
                  life, improving efficiency, personalising  experiences  and  solving complex  global
                  challenges.







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 18]]></page><page Index="21"><![CDATA[AI in Personalised Learning

                 Future AI systems could create learning plans
                 tailored to each student’s speed and interests.

                 Lessons, questions and feedback will adjust
                 automatically as the student progresses. This

                 will help every learner get the support they need.

                                                          AI in Creative Work

                                                          AI tools may support writers, artists, designers

                                                          and musicians with new ideas. It will help create
                                                          music, art, animations and stories faster. Human

                                                          creativity and AI intelligence will work together
                                                          to build fresh and unique content.

                 Here are some exciting possibilities:

                    AI in Real-Time Translation: AI helps translate
                     spoken or written words instantly, enabling smooth

                     communication  between people  who speak
                     different languages, making  conversations faster

                     and more natural in both casual and professional
                     settings.



                                                            Autonomous  Transportation: Autonomous

                                                            transportation       (self-driving     cars)     means
                                                            vehicles that  can drive themselves  without a
                                                            human. It uses AI, sensors and cameras to follow

                                                            traffic laws, control speed and avoid obstacles
                                                            on their own.



                    Smart Cities: Smart cities  use advanced

                     technology  to  make life better.  They  use
                     digital  tools to  manage  things  like  traffic,
                     pollution and energy, making the city more

                     efficient and eco-friendly.







                                                                                      Smart World with AI
                                                                                                                    19]]></page><page Index="22"><![CDATA[AI in Military: AI enhances military operations
                                                                by  powering  drones for  surveillance and

                                                                targeting.  Self-driving military  vehicles,  like
                                                                tanks and trucks, can move without humans,
                                                                making  work safer and more  efficient  in

                                                                dangerous areas.







                                                   GAME                    Charisma AI

                     Charisma AI is AI based story teller and creator. You can create
                     your own story using its various features.

                     1.  Visit https://charisma.ai/ or scan the QR Code.





























                     2.  Click Preview it here.

























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 20]]></page><page Index="23"><![CDATA[You may watch a video to learn how charisma works on YouTube.
                    Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQnp8MggqzE
                    or scan the QR code.


                    Task

                    Develop a story  using following words, Use your imagination,  you  may  go
                    beyond the reality of life you lead. Use words Machine learning, Robots, Smart
                    home, Smart teacher, Space station, Artificial Intelligence, Alien. Share your
                    story with your friends and teacher.








                    «   Artificial  Intelligence  (AI)  applications  are software programs that  use
                       AI techniques to perform tasks requiring human intelligence.

                    «   Some popular virtual assistants are Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant.
                    «   AI makes  homes  smarter  by  controlling devices like  lights, thermostats  and security
                       cameras.

                    «   AI in education helps personalise learning by adapting lessons to suit each student’s
                       needs.








                                                           Robo Check

                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                    1.  Select the AI-powered virtual assistant.

                               (i)  Google Maps                          (ii)  Siri

                               (iii)  Microsoft Word                     (iv)  Spotify


                    2.  Spot the application that uses AI to provide real-time traffic updates.

                               (i)  Microsoft Edge                       (ii)  Siri

                               (iii)  Google Maps                        (iv)  Spotify


                    3.  Identify the medical images that AI can analyse to detect issues like cancer.

                               (i)  Prescriptions                        (ii)  ECGs

                               (iii)  Blood tests                        (iv)  MRIs



                                                                                      Smart World with AI
                                                                                                                    21]]></page><page Index="24"><![CDATA[4.  Recognise the technology that helps NASA’s Mars robots explore and perform tasks
                         independently.

                                (i)  AI                                    (ii)  Virtual Assistants


                                (iii)  Drones                              (iv)  3D printing

                     5.  Mark the industry where AI is used to monitor crops and soil.

                                (i)  Healthcare                            (ii)  Agriculture


                                (iii)  Entertainment                       (iv)  Education


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.
                     1.  AI can assist teachers with tasks like grading.


                     2.  AI is used in education to suggest movies.


                     3.  Scientists use AI to make great discoveries.

                     4.  AI is like a heart for machines.


                     5.  AI makes home smarter by controlling devices.

                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.                  use advanced technology to make life better.
                                                                                                          Hints
                     2.  AI also helps save                         by  efficiently  managing
                         appliances.                                                                     Drones
                                                                                                         Google
                     3.  AI-powered                    are used for spying and targeting.               Assistant

                     4.  Artificial  Intelligence  applications  are                  programs         Smart cities
                         that  use  AI  techniques  to  perform  specific  tasks  that  usually          Energy

                         require human intelligence.                                                    Software
                     5.  Some popular virtual assistants are                      and Alexa.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Kimaya  is driving to  a meeting  and encounters  heavy traffic on her route.  Which
                     AI-powered app can suggest a faster alternative route in real time?

                  2.  Priya’s home adjusts its temperature automatically based on her preferences and can

                     be controlled remotely using her phone. Which device is she using?







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 22]]></page><page Index="25"><![CDATA[3







                                                                                             Introduction


                                                                                                   to Robots,



                                                                                       AI and Micro:bit






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Introduction to Robot              Artificial Intelligence
                   Robots Around Us                    Advantages and Challenges of Robots
                   Meet the Micro: bit – A Tiny Computer for Big Ideas




                            Hi AIRO! What makes
                            robots so special?



                                                                                   Robots work without

                                                                                             getting tired.




                            Do they follow instructions
                            like humans?



                                                                       Yes! Robots follow instructions,

                                                                                             like humans.




                            That’s amazing! What
                            else can they do?



                                                              They sense, decide and perform tasks.

                                                                   Let’s explore more in the chapter.








                                                                      Introduction to Robots, AI and Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    23]]></page><page Index="26"><![CDATA[In this chapter, you will explore the exciting world of robots, Artificial Intelligence
                  (AI) and Micro:bit. Have you ever imagined machines that can think, learn and help

                  us in different ways? That's what robots and AI can do!



                  INTRODUCTION TO ROBOT

                  A robot is an intelligent machine that can sense its surroundings,
                  process information to make decisions and perform actions in the

                  physical world. Robots designed to resemble humans are called
                  humanoid robots. They can carry out tasks that are challenging

                  or unsafe for humans. Robots have existed for over fifty years
                  and today they are found in many real-world applications.


                  Robotics


                  Robotics is a field where machines are programmed to perform tasks automatically.
                  Robots are often used to handle tasks that are too difficult for humans or repetitive
                  in nature.



                  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE


                  Artificial Intelligence is a technology that enables machines to mimic human thinking,
                  allowing them to learn, solve problems and make decisions independently.


























                  Integrating AI with Robotics

                  When Robotics and Artificial Intelligence work together, they create robots capable
                  of demonstrating human-like intelligence.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 24]]></page><page Index="27"><![CDATA[AI in Robotics

                 AI in Robotics means giving robots the ability to think, learn and make decisions
                 just like humans do. When Artificial Intelligence is added to a robot, it becomes

                 smarter and can do tasks on its own without being told every step.

                 Here are some simple examples:

                 1.   Cleaning robots: Robots like Roomba use AI to clean homes. They can sense
                    walls and furniture, remember room layouts and avoid bumping into things.

                 2.   Self-driving  cars: Cars  that  can  drive themselves  use  AI to  understand  the
                    road, follow traffic rules and avoid accidents. Cameras and sensors help the

                    car see what’s around it.

                 3.   Voice-controlled robots: Assistants such as Alexa or Siri use AI to understand
                    spoken words and respond. They can answer questions, play songs or control
                    smart devices at home.

                 4.   Delivery robots: AI robots deliver food or parcels. They plan the best route, detect

                    obstacles and stop when something crosses their path.

                 5.   Rescue  robots: During disasters,  AI-powered  robots  can search for people
                    trapped under debris. They can sense heat or movement and send information
                    to rescuers.


                      Ask AIRO



                      If robots don’t have brains, how do they make decisions using Artificial Intelligence?





                 ROBOTS AROUND US


                 Nowadays, robots are used in various places like hospitals, schools, homes, etc. Let
                 us learn about some of the popular robots.


                                                         Tesla Optimus Gen 2

                                                         It is a highly advanced humanoid robot developed
                                                         by  Tesla, noted  for its improved  balance, agility

                                                         and 11 degrees of freedom in its hands for delicate
                                                         tasks, with production slated for 2025.






                                                                      Introduction to Robots, AI and Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    25]]></page><page Index="28"><![CDATA[Apollo

                  Apollo  is  a general-purpose  humanoid  robot
                  developed by Apptronik, based in Austin. Designed

                  to  work alongside  humans, it  is  built  to  perform a
                  variety of tasks in environments such as warehouses,

                  manufacturing plants and potentially even space.


                                                        Electric Atlas

                                                        Atlas  is a humanoid robot  developed  by Boston
                                                        Dynamics.  It’s  built  to  perform  complex tasks  in

                                                        environments  designed  for humans. Powered  by
                                                        advanced electric motors and sensors, it can move,
                                                        lift and navigate  with remarkable  precision. Atlas

                                                        showcases  major  progress in balance, strength,
                  coordination and real-world robotic applications.



                                               PackBot robot was used after the 9/11 attacks and the
                                SMART       Fukushima nuclear disaster to inspect dangerous areas and
                                 SPARK                      handle hazardous materials.





                                                           Aibo

                                                           Aibo is an AI-powered companion robot designed
                                                           to behave like a real pet. It uses cameras and

                                                           sensors to recognise faces, respond to voices and
                                                           emotions and develop a unique personality based
                                                           on how it’s treated. Over time, it learns new tricks

                                                           and expresses affection through movements, and
                                                           sounds.


                  Mitra

                  Mitra is a five-feet-tall  humanoid  robot  developed
                  in India.  It can converse intelligently  with people,

                  recognise  faces  and  provide  relevant guidance.
                  Mitra  can  also  understand  several languages  and

                  greet customers warmly.



                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 26]]></page><page Index="29"><![CDATA[CyberDog

                                                    CyberDog  is  a  four-legged  robot  designed  for high-
                                                    speed movement. It can run at speeds of up to 3.2

                                                    metres per second, follow the motion of objects and
                                                    avoid obstacles while moving.






                 Manav

                 Manav is a small humanoid  robot  developed  in

                 India. It stands about two feet tall with a 3D-printed
                 body,  cameras  for eyes  and  microphones  for ears.

                 Manav can walk, dance, nod and respond to simple
                 commands.  It helps students  learn  how robots  use
                 sensors, movement and programming.



                                                     Rashmi

                                                     Rashmi is an AI-powered humanoid robot capable
                                                     of engaging in conversation  and showing facial

                                                     expressions.  She can speak  several languages,
                                                     including  English, Hindi  and Bhojpuri  and  can
                                                     recognise  emotions  through voice  and  facial  cues.

                                                     Rashmi represents  India’s growing progress in
                 robotics and Artificial Intelligence, demonstrating how innovation can thrive even
                 with limited resources.




                                                  A robot is sent to space, but it breaks down and
                                                 can't be brought back. Is it right to send robots to
                                                  dangerous places if they might not come back?






                 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF ROBOTS

                 Robots  offer many  advantages,  such  as  precision  and  the  ability  to  work in

                 dangerous environments. However, they also face challenges like high costs and
                 limited decision-making skills.



                                                                      Introduction to Robots, AI and Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    27]]></page><page Index="30"><![CDATA[Some of the advantages of robots are as follows:

                     Robots work with high accuracy and make fewer mistakes.

                     They can lift heavy objects beyond human capability.

                     They can work for long hours without getting tired.
                      They can work in places that are dangerous for humans, like space or deep under

                     the sea.

                      Robots assist doctors in hospitals by carrying medicines and performing precise
                     surgical procedures.



                  Challenges of Robots

                  Robots face several challenges. Some of these are as follows:

                     Robots cannot think or feel like humans.

                     They are expensive to build and repair.

                     Robots need electricity or batteries to work.

                      Most  robots  cannot  make  decisions  in new or unexpected  situations  without
                     human guidance.

                     The use of too many robots may reduce some types of jobs for people.



                  MEET THE MICRO: BIT – A TINY COMPUTER FOR BIG IDEAS


                  The micro:bit  is a small, programmable computer  designed  to  make  learning
                  coding and electronics fun and easy. It was developed by the BBC for students to
                  explore computing and create interactive projects. With just a few lines of code,

                  its buttons, lights and sensors let you create fun projects, games and even simple
                  robots.

                  The Micro:bit allows you to:

                      Show words, numbers or pictures on its LED lights.

                     Detect movement, such as shaking or tilting.

                      Connect to other devices, like a phone or another
                     Micro:bit.

                      You can make the Micro:bit play music, measure
                     temperature or send messages.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 28]]></page><page Index="31"><![CDATA[ECOTECH       Robots with sensors can measure air pollution levels in cities, providing real-time
                  ENERGY        data to help monitor and control harmful emissions.









                   «   A robot is a smart machine capable of sensing its environment.
                   «   Robots that look like humans are known as humanoid robots.

                   «   Robotics is the field where machines are programmed to perform tasks automatically.
                   «   Apollo is a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Apptronik, based in Austin.

                   «   Robots can help doctors in hospitals by doing surgery or carrying medicines.

                   «   Robots cannot make decisions in new or unexpected situations.
                   «   The micro:bit is a small, programmable computer designed to make learning coding and
                      electronics fun and easy.


                   «   AI in Robotics means giving robots the ability to think, learn and make decisions, just like
                      humans do.









                                                           Robo Check


                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                    1.   Choose the robot that uses AI to clean homes.

                               (i)  Roomba                               (ii)  Tesla Optimus


                               (iii)  Apollo                             (iv)  Aibo

                    2.  Choose the field where machines are programmed to perform tasks
                        automatically.


                               (i)  Artificial Intelligence              (ii)  Robotics


                               (iii)  Manufacturing                      (iv)  Automation

                    3.  Select the humanoid robot developed by Apptronik.

                               (i)  Manav                                (ii)  Apollo


                               (iii)  Electric                           (iv)  Mitra



                                                                      Introduction to Robots, AI and Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    29]]></page><page Index="32"><![CDATA[4.  Mark the robot that can run at 3.2 meters per second.

                                (i)  Electric                              (ii)  CyberDog


                                (iii)  Apollo                              (iv)  Aibo

                     5.  Mark the country where the humanoid robot developed.

                                (i)  USA                                   (ii)  India


                                (iii)  Japan                               (iv)  Germany



                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  A robot is an intelligent machine that cannot sense its surroundings.

                     2.  Robots can work for long hours without getting tired.


                     3.  Mitra can understand several languages and greet customers warmly.

                     4.   Manav represents India’s growing progress in robotics and

                         Artificial Intelligence.

                     5.  Robots need electricity or batteries to work.


                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                                                                                                          Hints
                     1.  Robots designed to resemble humans are called
                         robots.                                                                          Boston
                                                                                                        Dynamics
                     2.  Electric Atlas is a humanoid robot created by                      .           Humanoid
                     3.                  is India’s first 3D-printed humanoid robot.                      Manav
                                                                                                        Electricity
                     4.  Robots work with high                     and make fewer mistakes.
                                                                                                        Accuracy
                     5.  Robots need                    or batteries to work.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  A researcher is testing a new humanoid robot in a laboratory. The robot can speak
                     several languages, recognize faces and offer helpful information. What are the key
                     features of this humanoid robot that make it useful in a research environment?

                  2.  A factory worker is having difficulty with a repetitive and physically demanding task.
                     The company  introduces  a  humanoid  robot  that  can  perform  the  same  task  with

                     precision and speed. How does the robot benefit the worker and the company?





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 30]]></page><page Index="33"><![CDATA[CASE STUDY




                    In a fast-evolving world, robots are no longer limited to the factory floor. The use of robots
                    powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) has expanded to various fields including healthcare,
                    manufacturing and even space exploration.

                    A large manufacturing electronics company, faced slow productivity and human errors
                    in its manufacturing process. To improve efficiency, they introduced AI-powered robots,
                    including Tesla Optimus Gen 2, Apollo and Electric Atlas, to handle tasks like assembly,
                    sorting and packaging.






















                    The company  deployed Optimus  Gen  2  for precise  assembly,  Apollo  for heavy-duty
                    warehouse tasks and Electric Atlas for durability testing. While robots improved productivity
                    and safety, some workers expressed concerns about job displacement.


                    Based on the above case, answer the following questions:
                    1.  What challenges did the company face before introducing robots?

                    2.  What benefits did the company gain from the robots?










                             A person with knowledge of robots and AI can pursue roles such as Robotics Technician,
                             Robotics Engineer or AI Specialist.











                                                                      Introduction to Robots, AI and Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    31]]></page><page Index="34"><![CDATA[4







                                                                                                           Logical


                                                                                               Thinking and



                                                                                     Early Algorithms






                  LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Learning Sequencing
                    Timing your Instructions
                    First, Next, Last: Order of Commands




                             Hey Airo! What’s this sequencing

                             thing everyone talks about?





                                                              Sequencing is arranging steps in order,
                                                                like following a recipe to bake a cake.


                             What is timing in
                             instructions?



                                                   Timing means doing things at the right moment!
                                                    Like waiting just long enough for your cupcakes
                                                                  to bake — not too early, not too late!



                             Why does the order of
                             commands matter?



                                                           The order ensures tasks happen correctly,

                                                          like cleaning a room in the right sequence.








                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 32]]></page><page Index="35"><![CDATA[In this chapter, you will learn how to think logically and follow steps in the right
                 order. You’ll discover how to give clear instructions, just like a computer does. You

                 will look at sequencing, timing and the order of steps like First, Next and Last.


























                 LEARNING SEQUENCING


                 Sequencing means doing things in the right order. It’s like following a recipe to make
                 your favourite dish. If you mix up the steps, the dish might not turn out right. In

                 sequencing, you arrange things in a specific order to solve a problem or complete
                 a task. For example, to make a sandwich, you first take the bread, then add butter

                 and fillings (vegetable) and finally put the slices together.















                                First, take the bread.                                 Then, add butter.















                              Next, put the vegetables.                    Finally, put the slices together.



                                                                        Logical Thinking and Early Algorithms
                                                                                                                    33]]></page><page Index="36"><![CDATA[This is sequencing. You can use sequencing
                  in different areas, from playing  games  to                SMART         Sequencing and timing

                  even doing your  homework.  When you                        SPARK     ensure robots perform tasks
                  understand how things need to be ordered,                               efficiently and accurately.
                  you’ll  be  able to  follow instructions  and

                  solve problems faster.

                           VISUAL VAULT

                           Write the correct sequence of steps to make a sandwich.
















                        Ask AIRO


                       What is the sequence of steps to draw and colour a robot in Paint?




                  TIMING YOUR INSTRUCTIONS


                  Timing  your  instructions  make  sure  every  action  happens  at  the  right  moment.
                  Suppose you are controlling a robot or playing a game, but you don’t specify when

                  the  robot  should  perform each  step.  It might  act  too  early or too  late,  causing
                  confusion or mistakes. Timing ensures that actions occur in the correct order and at
                  the correct time.

                  For example, in a robot’s task, if the timing of instructions is not set properly, the

                  robot might move before completing the previous step or miss a signal, leading to
                  errors or unexpected results. Proper timing helps control the flow of actions so that
                  the task is completed successfully.


                  Why is Timing Important?

                  Timing is important in many activities, from running a race and playing music to

                  programming a robot. If actions aren’t timed correctly, the results can be messy,
                  incomplete or fail altogether. Good timing helps make processes smooth, efficient
                  and accurate.



                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 34]]></page><page Index="37"><![CDATA[Let us look at some examples.

                 Example 1: Baking a Cake

                 When you bake a cake, timing is everything. If you don’t wait for the cake to bake
                 long enough, it might be raw in the middle. But if you leave it in the oven too long, it
                 could burn!

                 Here’s how timing works when baking a cake:

                 1.   Mix the ingredients and pour the batter into the
                    pan.

                 2.   Set a timer for the cake to bake for about 30
                    minutes.

                 3.   Wait for the timer to go off, then take the cake out of the oven.

                 4.   Allow it to cool before frosting or eating it.
                 If any of these steps are missed, such as starting to frost the cake before it’s fully

                 baked, the result will not be the same.

                 Example 2: Programming a Robot

                 When you give instructions to a robot, you must to tell it what to do and when to
                 do it. If you program a robot to move forward but forget to tell it to stop, the robot

                 might keep going and crash into something.
                 Here’s a steps for programming a robot to move:


                   STEP - 1   Start by instructing the robot to move forward.

                  STEP - 2   After it has moved a short distance, tell it to turn right.

                  STEP - 3   Once it finishes turning, command the robot to stop.






















                 If you tell the robot to turn right before it starts moving, it won’t know where to go.

                 Similarly, if you tell it to stop too soon, it might not reach the desired destination.


                                                                        Logical Thinking and Early Algorithms
                                                                                                                    35]]></page><page Index="38"><![CDATA[FIRST, NEXT, LAST: ORDER OF COMMANDS

                  When you give instructions, it’s essential to think about the order of commands. It

                  is important to tell what to do first, next and last. This process helps to understand
                  the steps in the right order. For example, telling a robot to clean a room, but you
                  forget to specify what to do first, next and last, the robot would get confused and

                  make mistakes.

                  Let’s break it down using a simple example:









                                             First, tell the robot to move around the room.

















                   Next, give the instruction to pick up all the toys.

















                                             Last, tell the robot to put all the toys in the bucket.










                  This order helps the robot understand exactly what to do and when to do it. If you
                  don’t give instructions in the proper sequence, the robot might try to put toys in the

                  bucket before picking them up, which would just spread the mess around.




                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 36]]></page><page Index="39"><![CDATA[GAME




                                            SEQUENCING: STEPS TO WASH DISHES


                 You’ve learnt about sequencing, timing instructions and the order of commands.
                 Now, let’s apply these concepts in this activity. In this activity, you will practise the
                 proper sequencing of steps involved in washing dishes. This will help you understand

                 how to arrange commands and actions in the correct order.

                 Follow the steps below to get started:

                   STEP - 1   Open your web browser and go to this https://wordwall.net/

                                 resource/19198972/ela-reading-comprehension/
                                 sequencing-steps-to-wash-dishes link. or scan the QR Code.

                  STEP - 2   Click on the Start button to play the game.























                  STEP - 3   Drag and drop the images of the steps involved in washing dishes into
                                 the correct sequence.



























                                                                        Logical Thinking and Early Algorithms
                                                                                                                    37]]></page><page Index="40"><![CDATA[STEP - 4   After you placed them in the right order, click on the Submit Answers
                                  button to see your score and time taken to complete the game.














                  Students will understand the importance of sequencing and following instructions

                  in a logical order. In this game, you will practice sequencing by arranging the steps
                  of washing dishes correctly. The objective is to drag and drop the steps, ensuring

                  they follow the proper sequence. This activity helps reinforce their understanding
                  of timing and sequencing in everyday tasks, while developing essential skills for
                  organising actions in the right order.







                                            You program a robot to deliver packages in a warehouse, but
                                            it occasionally misses steps in its sequence, causing delays. Is
                                            it ethical to rely on robots for tasks if they may cause delays?





                   ECOTECH       Robots help factories work better by doing tasks in the right order and at the
                   ENERGY        right time. This makes work faster, saves money and helps produce more things
                                 in less time.







                    «   Sequencing means doing things in the right order.
                    «   You can use sequencing in different areas, from playing games to even
                       doing your homework.
                    «   Timing your instructions make sure every action happens at the right moment.

                    «   You  give  instructions,  especially  to  a robot,  it’s  essential  to  think  about  the  order of
                       commands.

                    «   Timing ensures that actions occur in the correct order and at the correct time.
                    «   Good timing helps make processes smooth, efficient and accurate.
                    «   Timing  is  important  in many  activities,  from running a  race  and  playing  music  to
                       programming a robot.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 38]]></page><page Index="41"><![CDATA[Robo Check


                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                    1.  Spot the best description of sequencing in everyday tasks.


                               (i)  Random actions                       (ii)  Correct order of steps

                               (iii)  Skipping steps                     (iv)  Mixing the steps

                    2.  Choose why proper timing is essential in controlling a robot or playing a game.


                               (i)  To avoid errors                      (ii)  To improve design

                               (iii)  To increase speed                  (iv)  To save memory

                    3.  Select why the order of commands is important for a robot.


                               (i)  To randomize tasks                   (ii)  To understand steps

                               (iii)  To increase speed                  (iv)  To confuse robot

                    4.  Identify the correct reason why you must tell a robot when to stop.


                               (i)  To avoid collisions                  (ii)  To randomize actions

                               (iii)  To confuse robot                   (iv)  To increase speed

                    5.  Mark the correct reason why timing is important when baking a cake:

                               (i)  To make the cake look pretty


                               (ii)  To ensure the cake is fully baked and not burnt

                               (iii)  To speed up the baking process


                               (iv)  To decorate the cake

                 B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.   You don’t need to follow a specific order when making a sandwich.


                    2.  Order of commands important to tell the robot what to do first, next and last.

                    3.  Sequencing can only be used for cooking.


                    4.   Timing ensures that actions are performed at just the right moment.

                    5.  Robot can stop on its own without being programmed to do so.



                                                                        Logical Thinking and Early Algorithms
                                                                                                                    39]]></page><page Index="42"><![CDATA[C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.                    is a very important skill that helps us do things              Hints
                         in the right order.
                                                                                                         Order of
                     2.                    your instructions  is important to  make  sure              Commands
                         everything happens at the right moment.                                         Timing
                     3.  Good  timing  helps make  processes smooth,  efficient  and                    Accurate
                                          .                                                            Sequencing

                     4.   The program uses a                       loop to keep repeating this             Flow
                         process.

                     5.  Proper timing helps control the                      of actions.


                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Ravi is baking a cake. What ensures the cake is properly baked and not undercooked

                     or overcooked?
                  2.  Anjali is programming a robot. What is the key to making sure the robot performs
                     actions correctly without confusion?





                                                             CASE STUDY




                     You are working as a programmer for a robot assembly line in a factory. Each robot is
                     programmed to follow these instructions in the correct order:
                     1.  First, attach the arms.       2.  Next, place the head.         3.  Last, attach the legs.
                     However, there have been several reports of assembly errors. Some toys are coming off the
                     line with the arms being attached after the legs or the head being placed before the arms.
                     These errors are causing delays, increased waste and you have received complaints from
                     the factory manager that the assembly process is being delayed and the toys are not being
                     assembled correctly.

                     Based on the above case, answer the following questions:
                     1.   What would you change in the robot’s program to ensure they follow the correct order?

                     2.   Why do you think it is essential for the robots to follow the instructions in sequence?









                              A person with knowledge of sequencing and timing can pursue roles such as Robotics
                              Technician, Robotics Engineer, AI Specialist, or Automation Specialist.




                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 40]]></page><page Index="43"><![CDATA[5











                                                                                                           Coding



                                                                                         with Micro:Bit






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Introduction to MakeCode Editor            Start with MakeCode Micro:bit
                   Blocks in Micro:bit                        Writing your First Program
                   Build a Light Blinking Game





                            Hi AIRO! What is the MakeCode Editor?





                                                        The MakeCode Editor is a fun, open-source
                                                                   platform to help you learn coding!





                            Can I create projects?




                                                            Yes! You can create games, animations

                                                                             and even control devices!




                            Can I switch between block-based
                            and text-based programming?



                                                       Yes, you can start with blocks and switch to

                                                         writing code with words when you're read.








                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    41]]></page><page Index="44"><![CDATA[Coding with Micro:bit lets you create fun projects like games and animations using
                  the MakeCode Editor. You can start with easy block-based programming and then

                  move to text-based coding. With the Micro:bit, you can bring your ideas to life and
                  control real-world devices, all while learning important coding skills.



                  INTRODUCTION TO MAKECODE EDITOR

                  The MakeCode Editor is a free, open-source platform where you can learn coding

                  in a fun and interactive way. It is perfect for beginners and teaches you the basics
                  of coding through block-based programming and text-based programming. You
                  can create simple animations, games and even control devices like the micro:bit.
                  MakeCode makes it easy to start coding!



                  Key Features of MakeCode Editor
                  The MakeCode Editor offers a variety of tools to enhance your coding experience.

                  Some key features of MakeCode Editor are as follows:
                     Block-based coding: MakeCode has a block-based interface, where you can

                     drag and drop blocks to build your code. These blocks represent coding concepts
                     like  loops,  variables  and  logic,  making  it easy  to  understand.  It's  perfect  for
                     beginners who are just starting to learn programming.

                     Text-based  coding:  Once you're  comfortable  with  blocks,  MakeCode  lets
                     you  switch to  text-based  coding.  This lets you  view and edit  your code  in a
                     programming language, helping you understand more advanced coding.

                     Live preview: MakeCode shows you your project directly within the editor. You
                     can see how your project works in real time, without needing extra hardware. It’s

                     great for testing and fixing problems in your code quickly.
                     Hardware support: The platform works with physical devices like the micro:bit,

                     Adafruit Circuit Playground and LEGO Mindstorms. You can write your code on
                     the MakeCode Editor and upload it to these devices for hands-on learning.
                     Interactive  tutorials and  projects: MakeCode  offers many  tutorials  and

                     pre-made  projects.  These projects  range from simple  games  to  complex
                     animations, giving you a chance to experiment and learn by doing.


                        Ask AIRO

                       How does  the MakeCode Editor  help to  learn  coding  and what types  of projects  can
                       be created using it?





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 42]]></page><page Index="45"><![CDATA[Block-Based Programming

                 Block-based programming is a visual way of coding where you create programs
                 by dragging and dropping blocks that represent different commands and actions.

                 Instead  of writing  code  with  words and  symbols,  you  use  these  colourful blocks
                 to build your program. This approach makes coding easy to understand and fun,

                 especially for beginners, as it doesn't require knowledge of complex syntax.
                 In block-based  programming,  each  block  represents  an instruction  such  as

                 displaying a message, performing a calculation or controlling a device. This type of
                 programming is great for learning basic coding concepts because it lets you to focus
                 on the logic of your program without worrying about the rules of a programming

                 language.
                 Block-based programming is a fun and easy way to start coding. Let’s understand

                 the key features of block-based programming:

                     Block-based programming uses colourful blocks that you can drag and drop to
                    create code.

                     It is very easy to use because the blocks fit together like puzzle pieces.
                     Block-based programming is perfect for beginners, as it is simple and fun to

                    start with.
                     In block-based programming, there are no spelling or punctuation errors because

                    the blocks fit together correctly.

                     You can create simple games, animations and robots using blocks programming.
                     Block-based programming is quick to learn and helps you start coding right away.

                     Blocks programming is very fun and interactive, giving you instant results as you
                    build your projects.



                 Text-Based Programming

                 Text-based  programming is a method  of  coding  where  you  write instructions
                 using a specific words, symbols and syntax from a programming language. Unlike

                 block-based programming, where you drag and drop blocks, you type out the code
                 in a text editor. This type of programming is more flexible and powerful, allowing
                 you to create complex programs, but it requires an understanding the rules and

                 structure of the language.

                 You can switch from block-based programming to text-based programming by
                 selecting the Python editor, where you can write and edit the code manually.



                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    43]]></page><page Index="46"><![CDATA[Text-based  programming  lets  you  write code  using  words and symbols  in a
                  programming language. Let’s learn the key features of text-based programming:

                      It involves writing code using words and symbols in a programming language.

                      Text-based programming requires more practice and knowledge of the language,
                     as you need to write the code correctly.

                      It is more suitable for experienced coders who have already learned the basics.

                      You  can  create  more  complex  games, apps  and  programs  with  text-based

                     programming.

                      Text  programming takes  longer to  learn and  practice  because  you  need  to
                     understand the rules of the programming language.



                                                  The MakeCode Editor offers live previews of your
                                   SMART      projects, so you can test and debug your code instantly
                                   SPARK
                                                        without needing external hardware.






                   START WITH MAKECODE MICRO:BIT


                  Let’s begin by creating a new project in the Microsoft MakeCode editor. Follow the
                  steps below to get started and set up your workspace:

                    STEP - 1   Visit the link: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/makecode

                                  or scan the QR Code.

































                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 44]]></page><page Index="47"><![CDATA[STEP - 2   Scroll down the  window  and click  on the  Start  coding link in the

                                 micro:bit section.






















                  STEP - 3   Click on the New Project button.


























                  STEP - 4   Write your project name and click on the Create button.


























                 Your new project workspace will open, ready for you to start coding.



                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    45]]></page><page Index="48"><![CDATA[The Micro:bit Interface

                  The Micro:bit interface offers several tools to help you code effectively.

                                               Toolbox                      Blocks or Python        Settings





                      Micro:bit
                      Simulator




                       Start/Stop the
                         simulator                                                                   Workspace



                        Download Button                         Saving Projects              Undo and Redo






                  Below are the main parts of the MakeCode Micro:bit Editor that will guide your
                  project development:

                     Micro:bit Simulator: Shows the micro:bit virtually, where you can see how your
                     code interacts with the LED grid or other elements on the micro:bit.

                     Start/Stop the simulator: To start/stop the simulator in micro:bit, click on the
                     Play button (triangle) to start and the Stop button (square) to stop the simulation
                     in the MakeCode editor

                     Download Button: Allows you to download your code to the micro:bit device.

                     Toolbox: The blocks you use in your project are found in the Toolbox. The Toolbox
                     is a sidebar that lists different block categories for various code functions.

                     Blocks or Python: You can switch between the block-based coding view and the
                     Python view. Just press one of the view buttons at the top of the window.

                     Workspace: In this area, you can drag and drop blocks to create your program.
                     Saving Projects: You can save your project as a .hex file, which can then be

                     transferred directly to the micro:bit device.
                     Undo and Redo: If you make a mistake or want to change something, you can
                     undo or redo recent changes using the Undo and Redo buttons at the bottom

                     right of the editor.

                     Settings: Access  settings, sign in to your account and use other tools.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 46]]></page><page Index="49"><![CDATA[BLOCKS IN MICRO:BIT

                 In Microsoft MakeCode, blocks are the visual elements used to create programs

                 in a simple, drag-and-drop interface. These blocks represent different commands,
                 actions and logic that help you build projects without writing complex code.

                 MakeCode blocks are grouped into categories based on their functions, making
                 it easy to drag and drop them to create your projects. Here's a breakdown of the
                 main block elements in Micro:bit:


                 Basic Blocks


                 Basic blocks help you control simple actions and output. Some of the important
                 basic blocks are:

                                      Block                                          Description
                                                                    Displays a number on the screen.
                                  show number  0


                                                                    Display patterns or images on the LED
                                show leds
                                                                    screen.














                                                                    Displays  a specific  icon  (e.g., heart,
                                   show icon
                                                                    smiley face) on the screen.

                                                                    Displays a text message on the screen.
                                  show string  "Hello!"

                                                                    Clears any text or images on the screen.
                                     clear screen


                                                                    Repeats       the     actions      inside     it
                                   forever
                                                                    continuously, as long as the program is
                                                                    running.

                                                                    Runs  the actions  inside  it  once,
                                   on   start
                                                                    immediately when the program starts.








                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    47]]></page><page Index="50"><![CDATA[Input Blocks

                  Input blocks are used to interact with different sensors and buttons. Some of the
                  important input blocks are:

                                        Block                                         Description


                                                                      Do something  when  a specific  button
                                 on  button      A  pressed
                                                                      (A, B or both) is pressed.





                                                                      Do something  when  the gesture  like
                                   on     shake
                                                                      shaking or tilting is detected.





                                                                      Do something when a specific pin (like
                                 on pin       P0  pressed
                                                                      pin 0 or pin 1) is pressed.






                  Logic Blocks

                  Logic blocks let you work with conditions and loops. Some of the important logic

                  blocks are:


                                        Block                                         Description

                                                                      Executes the next block of code if the
                                 if     true     then
                                                                      condition is true.





                                                                      Executes  one block of code  if the
                                 if     true then  then
                                                                      condition  is true  and another  if it  is
                                                                      false.
                                 else







                                                                      Compares if two values are equal, less
                                     0    =     0
                                                                      than or greater than the second value.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 48]]></page><page Index="51"><![CDATA[Loops Blocks

                 Loops blocks allow you to repeat actions multiple times. Some of the important
                 loops blocks are:


                                      Block                                          Description

                                                                    Repeats  a set  of actions  a specific
                                  repeat  4   times
                                                                    number of times.
                                  do



                                                                    Executes actions continuously as long
                                 while    false
                                                                    as a condition is true.
                                 do




                                                                    Runs a set of actions a specific number
                           for    index      from 0 to  4
                                                                    of times, iterating over a range.
                           do




                                                                    Iterates over each element in a list or
                          for element  value   of   list
                                                                    array.
                          do



                                                                    Executes  a set  of actions  at  regular
                                  every   500   ms
                                                                    time intervals.





                                                                    Exits the current loop immediately.
                                        break


                                                                    Skips  the  rest  of the current iteration
                                      continue
                                                                    and moves to the next one.



                 Variable Blocks


                 Variables  are like  labelled boxes  that  store information  your  program  can use,
                 change and display. You can use them to store numbers, text or any other information
                 that needs to be updated or referenced throughout your project. To create your own

                 variable, click on the Make a Variable button.




                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    49]]></page><page Index="52"><![CDATA[Some of the important variable blocks are:


                                    Block                                       Description

                                                            Assign (set) a variable’s value
                           set  my variable  to  0


                                                            Change a variable’s value
                         change  my variable  by  1


                                                            Created variable.
                                  my variable




                                            You have created a game in Micro:bit, but it keeps crashing.
                                             Should you continue using the software, knowing that it may
                                                               not always work perfectly?





                  WRITING YOUR FIRST PROGRAM


                  When starting to write code, you can choose between Blocks Programming and
                  Text Programming.  Let’s  see  how to  write  a  Hello program using  block-based
                  programming. In block-based programming, the steps are easy to follow since you

                  only need to drag and drop blocks.

                  Follow these simple steps to create a Hello program:


                    STEP - 1   Visit the link: https://makecode.microbit.org/ or scan
                                  the QR Code.


                    STEP - 2   Click on the New Project button to create a project.

























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 50]]></page><page Index="53"><![CDATA[STEP - 3   Write down the project name and click on the Create button.
























                  STEP - 4   Select the show string block from the Basic block category, drag and

                                 drop it into the on start block.
























                  STEP - 5   Click inside the show string block and type "Hello".























                  STEP - 6   Click  on the  Start  the Simulator and you  will see  the  word  Hello

                                 appear on the screen.


                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    51]]></page><page Index="54"><![CDATA[The micro:bit will start running your program immediately.





























                                                         VIRTUAL TO REAL



                  The above virtual task can also be carried out using physical hardware components.

                  Let's perform the same.

                  Materials Required














                        Micro:bit controller                 USB Cable                       Computer

                  Steps Walkthrough

                  You can also create this activity in real life by following these steps to display a

                  Hello on your micro:bit. First, open your web browser and go to https://makecode.
                  microbit.org/. Start a new project, name it, and click Create. Next, drag the show
                  string block from the Basic category and drop it into the on start block. Click inside

                  the show string block and type Hello. Then, click on Start the Simulator to see the
                  word Hello appear on the screen. Finally, connect your Micro:bit to the computer

                  and download the code to your device.





                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 52]]></page><page Index="55"><![CDATA[Final Output

                 You will see Hello displayed on the Micro:bit’s screen, just like in the simulator.














                                                       CHALLENGE CHAIN
                  Write the code in MakeCode that will generate a random number between 1 and 6

                  when button A is pressed. After showing the number, make the micro:bit display the
                  number as a word (e.g., One for 1, Two for 2, etc.) for 2 seconds.










                 BUILD A LIGHT BLINKING PROJECT

                 Let us create something fun, a light blinking project. In this project, you will control
                 a light and make it blink on and off in a specific order. This will help you practice all

                 the concepts you have learned about sequencing, timing and order of commands.
                 Make a light blink in a repeating pattern using the instructions in correct order.

                 To build a light blinking project, perform the given steps:

                   STEP - 1   Visit the link: https://makecode.microbit.org/ or scan the QR Code.

                  STEP - 2   Click on the New Project button.



























                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    53]]></page><page Index="56"><![CDATA[The Create a Project dialog box appears.

                    STEP - 3   Enter a name for your project Light Blinking Game in the Give your

                                  project a name text box and click on the Create button.





















                    STEP - 4   Drag the forever block from the Basic block category in the workspace
                                  to initialise the program.






















                    STEP - 5   Drag the show icon block from the Basic block category into the forever
                                  block. Then, choose the desired icon from the drop-down list. You can
                                  select other icons such as hearts, smiles or even custom designs based

                                  on your preference.
























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 54]]></page><page Index="57"><![CDATA[STEP - 6   Drag the pause (ms) block from the Basic block category and place it

                                 after the show icon block. Set the value to 1000 ms (1 second), which
                                 will make the icon display for 1 second.





















                  STEP - 7   Drag the clear screen block from the Basic block category and place

                                 it after the pause (ms) block. This block will clear the icon displayed on
                                 the screen.





















                  STEP - 8   Drag the pause (ms) block from the Basic block category and place

                                 it after the clear screen block. Set the value to 500 ms (0.5 seconds).
                                 This will create a half-second pause before the next iteration of the
                                 loop begins.























                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    55]]></page><page Index="58"><![CDATA[STEP - 9   Click on the Download button to download the project.

























                   STEP - 10   Connect the Micro:bit to its cable and plug the cable into the USB port
                                  of the Desktop computer/laptop. Now, click on the Next button.

























                   STEP - 11   Click on the Done button.

























                   STEP - 12   Drag and drop the downloaded file into the micro:bit drive.



                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 56]]></page><page Index="59"><![CDATA[The micro:bit will start running your program immediately.














                 In this project, the icon will blink on the screen, repeating a cycle of showing and
                 hiding. First, the selected icon, such as a heart or a grid, will appear for 1 second.
                 After that, the screen will remain empty for 0.5 seconds before the icon appears
                 again. This pattern will continue over and over, making the icon blink on and off.
                 The program uses a Forever loop to keep repeating this process, so the icon keeps

                 blinking as long as the program is running.



                  ECOTECH       Smart irrigation systems use sensors to water crops only when needed, saving
                  ENERGY        water and helping farmers grow more food.








                    «   The MakeCode Editor is a free, open-source platform where you can learn
                        coding in a fun and interactive way.

                    «   In Block-based programming you create programs by dragging and dropping blocks.

                    «   In Text-based programming you write instructions using a specific words, symbols and
                        syntax.

                    «   Basic blocks, Input blocks, Logic blocks, Loops blocks. Variable blocks are the various
                        block present in toolbox.









                                                           Robo Check


                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                    1.  Select the block that displays a number on the micro:bit’s screen.

                               (i)  show string block                    (ii)  show number block

                               (iii)  forever block                      (iv)  on start block



                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    57]]></page><page Index="60"><![CDATA[2.  Choose the option that represents a visual way of coding.
                                                                                                                                            COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS
                                (i)  Text-based Programming                (ii)  Block-based Programming
                                                                                                                                            1.  Raj is building a program where he needs to keep track of the number of times a button
                                (iii)  Python                              (iv)  JavaScript                                                     is pressed. He decides to use a variable to store and update this count. Which blocks
                                                                                                                                                should Raj use to create and update the variable?
                     3.  Spot the block that helps in iterating over each item in a list or array.
                                                                                                                                            2.  Ananya wants to display a cold icon if the temperature is below 10°C and a hot icon if
                                (i)  for block                             (ii)  repeat block
                                                                                                                                                it’s above 25°C. Which logic block should she use?

                                (iii)  forever block                       (iv)  for element block

                     4.  Identify the block used for repeating a set of actions a specific number of times.

                                (i)  repeat block                          (ii)  forever block


                                (iii)  on start block                      (iv)  if block

                     5.  Choose the block that is used to create a new variable.

                                (i)  show number block                     (ii)  Make a Variable

                                (iii)  on start block                      (iv)  show string block


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.


                     1.   In Text based coding you can view and edit your code.
                     2.   Block-based programming is more flexible and powerful, allowing you

                         to create complex programs.

                     3.  Workspace is an area, you can drag and drop blocks to create your program.


                     4.  Loop blocks allow you to repeat actions multiple times.

                     5.   Comparision block compares if two values are equal, less than or

                         grater than the second value.

                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.                  button allows you to download your code to the                   Hints
                         micro:bit device.

                     2.                  block displays a text message on the screen.                  Information
                     3.  You can see your project directly within                     editor.           Download
                     4.                  programming  gives  you instant  results as you               Live preview
                         build your projects.                                                          Show string

                     5.  Variables are like labelled boxes that store                    .             Block-based






                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 58]]></page><page Index="61"><![CDATA[COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  Raj is building a program where he needs to keep track of the number of times a button
                    is pressed. He decides to use a variable to store and update this count. Which blocks
                    should Raj use to create and update the variable?

                 2.  Ananya wants to display a cold icon if the temperature is below 10°C and a hot icon if
                    it’s above 25°C. Which logic block should she use?










                 Create an LED pattern display using the micro:bit. First, open the MakeCode editor and create
                 a new project called LED Pattern Display. Use the on start block to begin your program and
                 then add the show icon block to display a simple pattern, such as a heart or smiley face, on the
                 micro:bit's LED grid. Once your code is ready, save it and upload it to your micro:bit. Finally,
                 observe the micro:bit’s LED grid and check if the chosen pattern appears when the program runs.






                 Goal



                 Setup





                 Observation



















                             With  skills in MakeCode and micro:bit,  you  can become  an Electronics  Engineer,
                             Coding Instructor or Smart Device Developer.










                                                                                     Coding with Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    59]]></page><page Index="62"><![CDATA[maker mission



                                                         Marble Maze Game
                  A marble maze is a great way to begin your creative journey. In this game, the player guides a
                  marble through a maze by gently tilting the board. You can design your maze with different paths,
                  turns and tricky traps to make it as simple or as challenging as you like. Take a look at these
                  examples for ideas, then build your own maze to test the skills of your friends and family.

                  Materials Required:
                      Cardboard                         Coloured card                     Pencil

                      Scissors                          Glue                              Marble
                  To make Marble Maze Game follow the given steps:


                     STEP - 1    Take a rectangular piece of cardboard to use as the
                                  base of your maze. You can also use the lid of a box
                                  for this.



                                                   STEP - 2     Paste coloured paper on the base. Draw the maze
                                                                path and mark the start  and end points.  Ensure
                                                                the path is wide  enough for  the marble to  roll
                                                                smoothly.  Cut  a small hole  at  the  end  for the
                                                                marble to drop into.



                    STEP - 3      Cut  thin strips  of cardboard  to  create  the maze
                                  walls. Stick these strips along the pencil lines using
                                  glue, leaving small gaps between  them  so  the
                                  marble can pass through easily.




                                                   STEP - 4     Cut a small rectangular strip and paste it on the side
                                                                of the maze box to create a handle for holding the
                                                                game while playing.




                    STEP - 5      Place a marble at the starting point of your maze.
                                  Hold  the  box  with  both  hands  and  gently  tilt  it  to
                                  guide the marble through the pathways. Try to reach
                                  the hole without letting the marble get stuck.










                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 60]]></page><page Index="63"><![CDATA[6











                                                                                                        Sensors



                                                                                                in Micro:Bit






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Motion Sensor                       Compass Sensor
                   Shake to Change the Display Icon    Tilt the Micro:bit to Control an Arrow
                   Find the Directions





                            Hi AIRO! What is a sensor?




                                                         A sensor is a special part that helps robots

                                                         and devices sense the world, like detecting
                                                                     movement, light or temperature.


                            Does the Micro:bit
                            have sensors?



                                                                           Yes! It has a motion sensor,

                                                                            compass sensor and more.




                            Can we use it for something fun?





                                                               Absolutely! You can use it in different

                                                                          projects. Let’s explore more!








                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    61]]></page><page Index="64"><![CDATA[A sensor is a special electronic part that can detect changes such as movement,
                  light, sound, direction or temperature. It collects information and sends it to the

                  robot’s brain or microcontroller, which decides what to do next.
                  Robots cannot see or hear like humans do, but they use sensors to understand the

                  world around them. Sensors can detect movement, direction, temperature, light
                  and more.

                                                                      Think about  your smartphone.  It turns
                                                                      the screen automatically when you tilt

                                                                      it or counts your steps when you walk.
                                                                      This happens because  of sensors. The

                                                                      Micro:bit also has built-in sensors that
                                                                      allow it to do similar things.



                  MOTION SENSOR


                  The Micro:bit can sense movement through its motion
                  sensor, also known as the accelerometer.

                  It detects when you shake, tilt or turn the board in
                  different directions. which means it can detect changes

                  in speed and direction. When you move or shake the                 Motion
                  Micro:bit, the accelerometer reacts to those changes.              Sensor

                  For example,  when you  shake  the  Micro:bit,  the  accelerometer  detects  the
                  sudden change in the board's position. It quickly measures how much the Micro:bit

                  has moved.

                  Similarly, if you tilt the Micro:bit (left, right, up or down), the accelerometer can tell
                  in which direction you’ve moved the device.

                  It measures the angle of tilt  and sends this information  to  the Micro:bit’s  brain
                  (the microcontroller), which can then trigger an action.

                  These movement  signals  are sent as data to  the Micro:bit,  which  can then use

                  the data to perform different tasks. For example, shaking the board might make
                  the Micro:bit show a smiley face or tilting it left could make an arrow appear on

                  the screen pointing left.
                  You  can use  these  signals  to  create  interactive  projects,  such  as  games  where

                  shaking the Micro:bit triggers an event, like rolling a dice or jumping over an obstacle.
                  You can also create timers where tilting the Micro:bit counts down the seconds.


                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 62]]></page><page Index="65"><![CDATA[The accelerometer measures movement in three directions: side to side, up and
                 down, and forwards and backwards. It measures movement along three axes:

                    X-axis: Tilting from left to right.

                    Y-axis: Tilting forwards and backwards.

                    Z-axis: Moving up and down.






                 Let  us look at  how accelerometers  are used  in airbags  in modern  vehicles. An
                 accelerometer detects the rapid deceleration of a vehicle, and if this occurs, the
                 airbags are deployed to protect the passengers.




                                                           The accelerometer allows the
                                              SMART       Micro:bit to track movement in
                                              SPARK             different directions.







                 COMPASS SENSOR

                 The Micro:bit also has a compass sensor, which
                 helps the device  detect  magnetic  fields and

                 determine the direction it is facing. This sensor uses
                 the Earth's magnetic field to detect the device's               Compass
                 orientation  relative  to  the  cardinal.directions:              Sensor
                 North, South, East and West.

                 When you  hold the  Micro:bit,  the  compass  sensor detects  the  strength  and
                 direction of the magnetic field around it. It then uses this information to calculate

                 the heading (the direction the device is facing) and displays it on the screen. You
                 can see the direction represented as a number, typically between 0° (North) and
                 360° (also North) or the Micro:bit can show a visual indicator like an arrow pointing
                 to the current direction.

                 The compass sensor works based  on the Earth's  magnetic  field, much  like  the
                 compass you use to navigate. As you turn the Micro:bit, the sensor continuously

                 updates its reading, allowing it to track the direction and orientation of the device
                 in real time.







                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    63]]></page><page Index="66"><![CDATA[You can use the compass sensor in various projects, such as:

                      Navigation  systems  where you  can  track  direction
                     changes.
                      Compass-based games where the Micro:bit reacts to
                     directional changes.

                      Interactive projects that respond when the device faces
                     specific directions, like pointing to a goal in a maze.

                  The compass sensor is a great way to explore how real-world navigation systems
                  work.



                        Ask AIRO

                       How can I use conditional logic to change the displayed icon based on the value of the
                       accelerometer?




                  SHAKE TO CHANGE THE DISPLAY ICON


                  The goal of this activity is to create a program that changes the display icon on
                  the Micro:bit when it is shaken. The icons will cycle through three different states:
                  Happy, Sad and Surprised. The program will track the current icon state using a

                  variable and update the icon each time the Micro:bit is shaken.

                  Let’s get started with the project. Follow these steps to set up your project.

                    STEP - 1   Visit the link: https://makecode.microbit.org/ or scan
                                  the QR Code.


                    STEP - 2   Click on the New Project button.




























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 64]]></page><page Index="67"><![CDATA[STEP - 3    Write  the name of the project  ShaketoChangeDisplayIcon in the

                                 Give your project a name text box and click on the Create button.






















                  STEP - 4    Drag the on shake block from the Input category to workspace for
                                 initialising the program.
























                  STEP - 5    Click on the Make a Variable block from the Variables category and

                                 name it iconState.























                 This variable will store the current icon state.



                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    65]]></page><page Index="68"><![CDATA[STEP - 6    Drag the set iconState to 0 block from the Variables category and

                                  place it into on shake block.





















                    STEP - 7    Drag the pick random block from the Math category and place it in the
                                  set iconState block. Change the numbers in the pick random block to

                                  0 and 2 so that the program picks a random number between 0 and 2
                                  when the Micro:bit is shaken.






















                    STEP - 8    Drag the if-else block from the Logic category and place it below the
                                  set iconstate block.
                                  Similarly, drag the remaining blocks into the workspace to complete

                                  the code. Your block-based program should now look like this.






















                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 66]]></page><page Index="69"><![CDATA[STEP - 9    Click on the Download button to download the project.

                  STEP - 10    Connect the Micro:bit to its cable and plug the cable into the USB port
                                 of the Desktop computer/laptop.

                  STEP - 11    Click on the Next button.























                  STEP - 12    Click on the Done button. The file is downloaded.

                  STEP - 13    Drag and drop the downloaded file into the micro:bit drive.

                                 The micro:bit will start running your program immediately.















































                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    67]]></page><page Index="70"><![CDATA[A robot is designed to deliver medicine in a hospital, it detects a person
                                        walking in front of it. Should it stop and wait for the person to pass to
                                       avoid the risk of collision or keep moving and bumping into the person?






                  TILT THE MICRO:BIT TO CONTROL AN ARROW


                  The goal of this activity is to create a program that uses the tilt sensor of the Micro:bit
                  to control the movement of an arrow on the screen. When the Micro:bit is tilted in
                  different directions, the arrow will move accordingly, giving you an interactive way

                  to control the display using tilt.

                  Let’s get started with the project. Follow these steps to create your program:

                    STEP - 1    Go to the link: https://makecode.microbit.org/ or scan

                                  the QR Code.

                    STEP - 2    Click on the New Project button.


























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 68]]></page><page Index="71"><![CDATA[STEP - 3    Enter the name of the project TiltToControlArrow in the Give your

                                 project a name text box and click on Create button.
























                  STEP - 4    Drag the on shake block from the Input category to the workspace.
























                  STEP - 5    Click on the on shake drop down-arrow and choose the tilt left.

                                 Similarly, drag one more on shake block to the workspace and click on

                                 drop-down arrow to select on tilt right block.

























                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    69]]></page><page Index="72"><![CDATA[STEP - 6    Drag  the  show  arrow block  from the  Basic category  and  place  it

                                  below the on  tilt left block  and select  the West  direction  from the
                                  drop-down list.  Similarly,  in the on  tilt right block,  drag the  show
                                  arrow block and select the direction as East.





















                    STEP - 7    Click on the Download button to download the project.

                    STEP - 8    Connect the Micro:bit to its cable and plug the cable into the USB port

                                  of the Desktop computer/laptop.

                    STEP - 9    Click on the Next button.






















                   STEP - 10    Click on the Done button.























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 70]]></page><page Index="73"><![CDATA[The file is downloaded.

                  STEP - 11    Drag and drop the downloaded file into the micro:bit drive.


                                 The micro:bit will start running your program immediately.






















































                 FIND THE DIRECTIONS


                 The goal of this activity is to create a program that uses the compass sensor on the

                 Micro:bit to detect the direction in which the Micro:bit is facing.

                 The program will then display the corresponding cardinal direction (North, South,
                 East, West) on the Micro:bit screen based on the compass heading.

                 Let’s get started with the project. Follow these steps to set it up.

                   STEP - 1    Go to the link: https://makecode.microbit.org/ or scan

                                 the QR Code.


                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    71]]></page><page Index="74"><![CDATA[STEP - 2    Click on New Project button.

























                    STEP - 3    Enter the name for your project FindTheDirections in the  Give your

                                  project a name text box and click on Create button.


























                    STEP - 4    Drag the forever block from the Basic category, to the workspace.




























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 72]]></page><page Index="75"><![CDATA[STEP - 5    Click  on  Make  a Variable button  from the  Variables category  to

                                 create a  variable  and  name it heading. This variable will store the
                                 compass value (angle).
























                  STEP - 6    Drag the set heading to 0 block from the Variable category and place
                                 it into the forever block.























                  STEP - 7    Drag the compass heading block from the Input category and place it
                                 into the set heading to 0 block.


























                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    73]]></page><page Index="76"><![CDATA[STEP - 8    Drag the if-else block from the Logic category and drop it into the

                                  forever block below the set heading block. Click on + icon in the if-else
                                  block two times to make it if-else if-else block.






















                    STEP - 9    Drag  the  Boolean  or,  Boolean and  Boolean  and blocks  from the

                                  Logic category and place it in the if-else if-else block respectively.
























                   STEP - 10    Drag the Comparison block from the Logic category and place it in

                                  if-else if-else block.

























                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 74]]></page><page Index="77"><![CDATA[STEP - 11    Drag the heading variable from the Variables category and place it in

                                 to comparison block of if-else if-else block and change the value and
                                 operator of the comparison block as shown.





















                  STEP - 12    Drag the show string blocks from the Basic category to the if-else if-
                                 else block to display the direction on the screen (N, E, S, W) as shown.






















                  STEP - 13    Click on the Download button.


                  STEP - 14    Connect  micro:bit  to  its  cable and USB port  of Desktop  computer/
                                 laptop.

                  STEP - 15    Click on the Next button.























                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    75]]></page><page Index="78"><![CDATA[STEP - 16    Click on the done button.


                                  The file is downloaded.

                   STEP - 17    Drag and drop the downloaded file into the micro:bit drive.


                                  The micro:bit will start running your program immediately.





































                                                         CHALLENGE CHAIN

                    Create a navigation system using the Micro:bit's compass sensor to help the robot find
                    directions. Then, use the motion sensor to track the robot's movement and ensure it
                    stops if it isn't moving.













                   ECOTECH       Motion sensors in homes turn off lights when no one is around, saving energy and
                   ENERGY        reducing waste.










                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 76]]></page><page Index="79"><![CDATA[«   A  sensor is  a special  electronic  part  that  can detect  changes  such
                      as movement, light, sound, direction or temperature.


                   «   Sensors can detect movement, direction, temperature, light and more.
                   «   The Micro:bit also has built-in sensors that allow it to do similar things.

                   «   The Micro:bit  can sense movement  through its motion  sensor, also known as the
                      accelerometer.

                   «   The accelerometer measures movement in three directions: side to side, up and down,
                      and forwards and backwards.


                   «   The Micro:bit can show a visual indicator like an arrow pointing to the current direction.
                   «   The accelerometer measures movement in three directions: side to side, up and down,
                      and forwards and backwards

                   «   The compass sensor is a great way to explore how real-world navigation systems work.











                                                             Exercise


                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                    1.  Identify  the  sensor which helps to  detect  the  direction  in which the  Micro:bit
                        is facing.

                               (i)  Temperature Sensor                   (ii)  Motion Sensor


                               (iii)  Compass Sensor                     (iv)  Light Sensor


                    2.  What does the accelerometer detect in the Micro:bit?

                               (i)  Temperature                          (ii)  Sound


                               (iii)  Direction                          (iv)  Motion

                    3.  Mark the direction that compass sensor consider as 0°.

                               (i)  North                                (ii)  South


                               (iii)  East                               (iv)  West




                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    77]]></page><page Index="80"><![CDATA[4.  Select the sensor of the Micro:bit that control the movement of an arrow on the
                         screen.

                                (i)  Tilt                                  (ii)  Temperature


                                (iii)  Direction                           (iv)  Light


                     5.  Spot the block which is used to trigger an action when the Micro:bit is shaken.

                                (i)  on shake                              (ii)  on start


                                (iii)  on button A pressed                 (iv)  on tilt


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.   The compass sensor works based on the Earth's magnetic field.


                     2.   The Micro:bit uses a motion sensor to detect shaking, tilting and movement.

                     3.   The sensors cannot understand the world around them and detect
                         movement.


                     4.   Motion sensor can detect changes in speed and direction.

                     5.  The compass heading block can be found in loops category.


                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.                  can detect  movement, direction,  temperature,                   Hints

                         light and more.                                                                Compass
                     2.  The Micro:bit can measure the angle of tilt along the                            Motion

                                        ,                and                  axes.                      Sensors
                     3.                  sensor quickly measures how much the Micro:bit                Directional
                         has moved.                                                                       X, Y, Z

                     4.  The                  sensor works based on the Earth's magnetic
                         field.

                     5.  In compass-based games Micro:bit reacts to                         changes.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Aman is building a security system using the Micro:bit. Which block would he use to
                     trigger an alarm when the device is moved or shaken?
                  2.  Priya is designing an interactive game using the Micro:bit. Which block would she use

                     to detect the tilt direction and display an arrow accordingly?


                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 78]]></page><page Index="81"><![CDATA[Design a program using the Micro:bit that tracks how many times the device is tilted within a
                 minute. Start by setting up a timer to track one minute. Then, use the on tilt block to detect when
                 the Micro:bit is tilted and create a variable to count each tilt. Display the tilt count on the Micro:bit

                 screen and ensure that the timer resets every minute, with the count starting over. Finally, add a
                 feature to display a message once the minute is up, such as Time’s up! or You tilted X times!





                 Goal




                 Setup






                 Observation




















                            Learning Micro:bit  and  sensors  can  open  career paths  as  a  Robotics  Engineer,
                            Embedded Systems Developer or IoT Specialist.




























                                                                                      Sensors in Micro:Bit
                                                                                                                    79]]></page><page Index="82"><![CDATA[maker mission



                                                       Make a Table Lamp at Home
                  In this project, you’ll create a simple table lamp using common household items. This is a fun and

                  easy way to explore basic circuits, electrical components and design.
                  Materials Required:

                      Plastic bottle                        Flexible plastic pipe                 Lunch box
                      Led light                             Switch                                Wires

                      Battery                               Glue and scissors

                  To make a table lamp at home, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1    Take a plastic bottle and carefully cut off the bottom to

                                create  a  lampshade.  Attach  flexible  tubing  to  the
                                bottle’s neck for the lamp's stem.



                                                  STEP - 2    Take a small piece of cardboard and insert the LED

                                                              light into it. Connect the red and yellow wires to the
                                                              LED, making sure the connections are secure.



                    STEP - 3    Take the plastic base and make a hole for the switch to

                                keep the lamp stable. Attach the switch, ensuring that
                                the wires are connected properly



                                                  STEP - 4    Connect  the battery  to  the  wires, ensuring they  are

                                                              securely attached. The battery should connect to the
                                                              switch so you can turn the lamp on and off easily.



                    STEP - 5    Test the lamp by switching it on. The light should glow,

                                showing that the lamp works properly.





                  When the lamp is powered on, the light bulb will illuminate, providing a simple and functional

                  lighting solution.







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 80]]></page><page Index="83"><![CDATA[SMART ROBOT TASK PERFORMER


                                                                  Create  an interactive  Micro:bit  robot that
                          CAPSTONE PROJECT                        moves based on tilt and shows its direction
                                                                  using the LED screen and compass sensor.








                 Session 1: Setting Up the Robot with LED Display

                 Activities:

                 1.  Creating a Robot Using LED Display

                      Task: Start by creating a robot shape using the Show LED block. Use patterns to display
                    a simple robot figure (e.g., a face or a basic robot design).

                      Skills Practiced: Using the Show LED block to create images on the Micro:bit’s screen.
                    Understanding how to program visuals on the Micro:bit’s grid of 5x5 LEDs.

                      Outcome: A robot image that appears on the Micro:bit’s screen using the Show LED
                    block.

                 2.  Using the Pause Block to Control Timing
                      Task: After displaying the robot, add a Pause(ms) block to make the robot’s image

                    appear for a set duration (e.g., 2 seconds).
                      Skills  Practiced: Using  the  Pause(ms) block  to  control  the  timing  of  the  program.

                    Timing control in programming to pause between actions.
                    Outcome: The robot image is shown for 2 seconds, and then the program pauses.


                 Session 2: Moving the Robot Using Tilt

                 Activities:

                 1.  Tilt Left to Move the Robot Left

                      Task: Program the robot to move left when the Micro:bit is tilted to the left. Use the Tilt
                    Left block to detect this movement.

                      Skills Practiced: Using the Tilt Left block to control movement. Combining sensor input
                    with visual feedback (e.g., using the LED screen to show movement).

                    Outcome: The robot moves left when the Micro:bit is tilted to the left.


                                                                                         Capstone Project
                                                                                                                    81]]></page><page Index="84"><![CDATA[2.  Tilt Right to Move the Robot Right

                       Task: Similarly, program the robot to move right when the Micro:bit is tilted to the right
                     using the Tilt Right block.

                       Skills Practiced: Using the Tilt Right block for rightward movement. Integrating tilt
                     control to make the robot move in different directions.


                     Outcome: The robot moves right when the Micro:bit is tilted to the right.


                  Session 3: Adding Directional Feedback Using the Compass Sensor
                  Activities:

                  1.  Using the Compass Sensor to Detect Directions

                       Task: Program the compass sensor to display the direction the robot is facing. Based
                     on the direction (North, South, East, West), display an arrow on the Micro:bit’s LED
                     screen.

                       Skills Practiced: Using the compass sensor to detect the orientation of the Micro:bit.
                     Displaying directions (N, S, E, W) on the LED screen

                       Outcome: The Micro:bit shows an arrow indicating the direction the robot is facing
                     (North, South, East, West).

                  2.  Combine Movement and Direction
                       Task: Combine the Tilt Left, Tilt Right, and compass sensor to show both movement

                     and direction. For example, if the Micro:bit is tilted left or right, the corresponding arrow
                     will also show the direction it’s facing.
                       Skills  Practiced: Combining  multiple  sensor inputs  (tilt  and  compass)  to  control
                     movement and display. Programming interactive feedback based on movement and

                     direction.
                       Outcome: The robot moves left or right based on tilt, and the direction is displayed (N,
                     S, E, W) on the screen.


                  Final Deliverables

                  Tick () the box if submitted:

                      A program demonstrating the robot’s movement and direction


                      A report introducing the robot’s movement system and its interactive controls.


                      A custom design or logo for the robot.






                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 82]]></page><page Index="85"><![CDATA[components list


                                               Micro:bit (Front Side): The Micro:bit is a small computer that

                                               you can hold in your hand. It has buttons, lights, and sensors.
                                               You can use it to create fun projects like games, alarms, and
                                               simple robots by writing easy code.

                         (Front Side)

                                               Micro:bit (Back Side): The back side of the Micro:bit features
                                               pins for connecting to other devices and components.





                         (Back Side)
                                               A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a small plug used to connect
                                               devices to a computer. It helps devices like keyboards, mice,
                                               or Micro:bits talk to the computer. You can also use a USB to

                                               charge devices or transfer files, such as photos and music.
                  Universal Serial Bus (USB)
                                               The battery  powers  the  robot  so  it  can work. Without  a

                                               battery, the robot cannot move or do anything. The battery
                                               stores energy, which is used by the robot to complete tasks.



                           Battery
                                               A desktop computer is a large machine that sits on a desk. It
                                               has a screen, keyboard, and mouse to help you work or play
                                               games. You can use it for things like homework, watching

                                               videos, and drawing pictures.


                      Desktop Computer
                                               A laptop is a small computer you can carry around. It has a
                                               screen, keyboard, and trackpad, all built into one device. You
                                               can use it for schoolwork, games, and watching videos, just

                                               like a desktop computer.

                            Laptop
                                               A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a small light that can be used
                                               in the robot. It lights up when electricity flows through it. LEDs

                                               can show when the robot is working or give signals to help
                                               the robot communicate.
                  Light Emitting Diode (LED)




                                                                                         Components List
                                                                                                                    83]]></page><page Index="86"><![CDATA[young innovators




                                                                Kavya Vignesh

                                                                Kavya Vignesh, a 12-year-old student
                                                                from Delhi, led  a  team  that  built  the

                                                                Bee  Saver Bot,  a  robot  designed  to  safely
                                                                relocate beehives without harming the bees.
                                                                The innovation  earned her team  a spot
                                                                at  the First  Lego  League  European  Open
                                                                Championship  in Denmark, making  them

                                                                one  of India’s  youngest  teams  to  qualify.
                                                                The project was praised for offering an eco-
                                                                friendly alternative to hive destruction.




                     Arun George, Nikhil NP, Rashid K and Vimal Govind MK

                     Arun George,  Nikhil NP,

                     Rashid K and Vimal Govind
                     MK are the  co-founders of
                     Genrobotics,  a company
                     known       for     developing

                     Bandicoot,  the  world’s first
                     robotic scavenger designed
                     for    cleaning     manholes.
                     Bandicoot  was created  to

                     address      the    dangerous
                     and inhumane  practice  of
                     manual scavenging, which involves humans cleaning sewers and manholes. This
                     innovative robot can perform the same task in a safer and more efficient manner,

                     significantly reducing the risk to workers. The Bandicoot robot has gained recognition
                     for its  ability  to  safely  and  autonomously  clean  sewers, marking  a  significant
                     advancement in both robotics and public health.







                                 AI RoboGenius - IV
                 84]]></page></pages></Search>
