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In this chapter, you will explore the basics of electricity and circuits, which are essential for building
and understanding robots. You will cover key concepts like voltage, current and resistance and
how these elements are crucial for robot functionality.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a form of energy that is used every day to power
homes, schools and gadgets. It can make lights shine, fans spin
and computers work. Electrons carry energy that can be used
to do work.
There are two types of electrical materials as given below:

Conductors: They are the materials that allow electricity to
flow easily. For example, copper, aluminum and water.
Insulators: They are the materials that do not let electricity
pass through easily. For example, rubber, plastic and wood.

Electricity can come from different sources:
Batteries: These are small portable sources of electricity.
Power Plants: They produce electricity on a large scale and send it to homes and schools.
Solar Panels: They convert sunlight into electricity.

Current

Current is the flow of electrons through a wire or a circuit. You can think of it like
water flowing through a pipe, just as water flows to give energy to turn a water
wheel, electrons flow to give energy to devices like bulbs, fans and computers.
The unit of current is Ampere (A).

There are two types of current:
Direct Current (DC): Electrons flow in one direction only. Example: batteries.
Alternating Current (AC): Electrons change direction repeatedly. Example: electricity in homes.

Voltage

Voltage is the push that makes electric current flow through a wire. You can think
of it like water in a tank, the higher the water in the tank, the stronger the push of V
water through the pipe. Similarly, higher voltage pushes more electrons. Without
voltage, electrons won’t move and electrical devices like bulbs, fans or computers won’t work.
Voltage is measured in volts (V).

Resistance

Resistance is a property of a material that slows down the flow of electric current.
You can think of it like obstacles in a water pipe, the more obstacles, the harder it is
for water to flow. Similarly, resistance makes it harder for electrons to move through a wire.

Resistance helps control the flow of electricity. Without it, devices could get damaged by too much
current. Resistance is measured in ohms (W).

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