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                             Artificial  PhET Lab   Tinkercad   Micro:bit     VEX        Digital    School Fee
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           Shaping Young Minds Through Artificial Intelligence & Robotics




                                                              |
                                                  Content   Team Orange]]></page><page Index="4"><![CDATA[Published by:
                      Orange Education (An Imprint of Orange House Pvt Ltd)
                      9, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
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                      Published and Distributed by Orange House Pvt Ltd




                            Preface


                      In today’s rapidly changing world, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics are transforming the way we live, learn and connect. As
                      the need for future-ready skills continues to grow, it is vital to equip students with the knowledge and tools required to excel
                      in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).
                      AI RoboGenius offers an engaging learning journey that combines the fascinating worlds of Artificial Intelligence, robotics and
                      STEM education. Designed to spark curiosity and creativity in young learners, the series blends hands-on exploration, critical
                      thinking and real-world problem-solving to nurture innovation and logical reasoning.
                      The projects in AI RoboGenius can be carried out through both online simulations and physical kits, giving students the
                      flexibility to learn in digital or hands-on environments. Whether coding, designing or building, learners develop a strong
                      understanding of STEM and AI concepts while applying them in practical, meaningful ways. The series focuses on experiential
                      learning, ensuring that students not only grasp theoretical knowledge but also learn to use it effectively in real-life situations.
                      Aligned  with international  educational  standards,  AI  RoboGenius supports  the development  of essential  skills such as
                      analytical thinking, computational reasoning and creative problem-solving. By the end of the series, students will gain the
                      confidence to innovate, design intelligently and transform their ideas into tangible outcomes.
                      We welcome constructive suggestions to help enhance AI RoboGenius further and make the learning experience even more
                      inspiring and impactful.
                                                                                                                 —Author]]></page><page Index="5"><![CDATA[TRULY ALIGNED WITH THE 9 PRINCIPLES OF NCFSE-2023


                       The books follow the principles of curriculum, values and discipline while promoting inclusion
                        and using real-life contexts. They use clear language, creative pedagogy and technology to
                     make learning joyful. The presentation is engaging, supporting every child’s meaningful learning.

                                                      st
                                                    21  CENTURY SKILLS

                      Learning Skills (4Cs)            Literacy Skills (IMT)           Life Skills (FLIPS)

                            Critical Thinking                 Information Literacy           Flexibility
                            Creativity                       Media Literacy                   Leadership & Responsibility
                            Communication                     Technology Literacy            Initiative
                            Collaboration                                                     Productivity & Accountability
                                                                                             Social Interaction










                                                      DIGITAL RESOURCES


                 FLIPBOOK


















                                                                                        DIGITAL SIMULATIONS]]></page><page Index="6"><![CDATA[ABOUT THE SERIES
                                                   ABOUT THE SERIES



                                                        Learning Resources




                                Ask AIRO


                              Engages with curiosity-based
                              questions and explores insightful
                              answers.

                                                                                    Smart Spark

                                                                                  Discovers short and amazing facts
                                                                                  that spark curiosity and inspire
                                                                                  deeper learning.

                                Ethics Edge

                              Focuses on understanding, practising
                              and applying ethical values and
                              responsible behaviour in robotics.

                                                                                    Challenge Chain

                                                                                  Tackles step-up challenges that
                                                                                  introduce exciting twists and build
                                                                                  problem-solving skills.

                                Ecotech Energy

                              Explores how robots contribute to
                              environmental sustainability through
                              innovation and smart solutions.

                                                                                     Career Climb

                                                                                  Learns about diverse career paths
                                                                                  and how individuals shape and
                                                                                  grow their careers in robotics.
                                 Bot Bits


                              Revisits key points of the chapter
                              through a brief summary for easy
                              recall and understanding.]]></page><page Index="7"><![CDATA[Assessment Resources




                                                                                           Robo Check


                                                                             Reinforces understanding and
                                                                           improves recall of key concepts
                                                                                 through focused practice.

                                     Visual Vault

                      Enhances observation and visual
                  interpretation skills through engaging
                       and thought-provoking visuals.

                                                                          Competency-Based Questions

                                                                                 Builds the ability to apply
                                                                            knowledge effectively and think
                                                                           critically in real-world contexts.

                                      Case Study

                    Builds understanding of real-world
                        applications and highlights the
                       industry relevance of concepts.

                                                                                    Capstone Project

                                                                       Encourages meaningful connections
                                                                          between learning and real-world
                                                                             problem-solving experiences.

                                  Maker Mission

                     Fosters creativity, innovation and
                   hands-on application skills through
                     engaging and practical activities.
                                                                                       Innovation Lab


                                                                        Revises concepts through practical
                                                                               lab activities to understand
                                                                                     and build confidence.]]></page><page Index="8"><![CDATA[CONTENTS





                       1.     NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)                                                  7
                                Types of NLP Technologies              Importance of Natural Language Processing in AI
                                Uses of NLP                            How NLP Works?

                       2.     STATISTICAL DATA                                                                  19
                                Statistical Data                       Real-Life Application of Statistical Data
                                Collection and Presentation of Data


                       3.     ROBOTICS WITH AI                                                                  31
                                Introduction to Robotics and AI        The STA Model: Sense, Think, Act
                                Components of AI Robotics              Types of AI in Robotics
                                Applications of Robotics with AI       Advantages and Challenges


                       4.     INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS IN TINKERCAD                                              41
                                Sensor                                 Working of Sensors
                                Using Tinkercad to Simulate Sensors    Build a PIR Sensor Circuit
                                Build Automatic Streetlight


                       5.     GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO IN TINKERCAD                                        53
                                Arduino                                Advantages of Connecting Sensors with Arduino
                                Programming Arduino in Tinkercad       Smart Irrigation System
                                Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System


                       6.     GETTING STARTED WITH VEXCODE VR                                                  69
                                Introduction to VEXcode VR             Exploring the VEXcode VR Interface
                                The VEX VR Robot                       Types of Blocks
                                Drivetrain Blocks                      Drawing Blocks
                                Drawing a Rectangle on the Grid Map     Hidden Pixel Art


                       7.     INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 5.0 IN ROBOTICS                                         82
                                Introduction to Industry 5.0           The Three Pillars of Industry 5.0
                                Role of Robots in Industry 5.0         Real-world Examples of Industry 5.0
                                Benefits of Industry 5.0               Challenges of Industry 5.0


                              CAPSTONE PROJECT                                                                 92



                              COMPONENTS LIST                                                                  95


                              YOUNG INNOVATORS                                                                 96]]></page><page Index="9"><![CDATA[1











                                                                                     Natural Language



                                                                                      Processing (NLP)






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Types of NLP Technologies
                   Importance of Natural Language Processing in AI
                   Uses of NLP
                   How NLP Works?



                        Hey AVINA, remember we explored different
                        types of Artificial Intelligence in our last class?



                                                                             Hi AIRO! I missed that session.
                                                                         Could you give me a quick recap?




                        Sure! Hey Siri, open my voice
                        notes, AVINA can listen to them.



                                                                         Wow, that’s amazing! How did Siri
                                                                            understand what you just said?



                        Siri uses Natural Language Processing,
                        a branch of AI that helps machines
                        understand human speech.



                                                                    That’s incredible, AIRO! I’d love to learn
                                                                      more about how that actually works.









                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    7]]></page><page Index="10"><![CDATA[Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an important domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that helps
                  computers understand and work with human language. It allows people to talk to machines in a
                  natural way—just like we talk to each other.
                  Apps like Siri, Alexa and Cortana use NLP to listen to our voice and understand what we are
                  saying. NLP helps computers read, understand and respond to both spoken and written language
                  in a meaningful way.

                  NLP aims to read, decode, understand and bring logical results to human languages that make
                  some sense.


                  TYPES OF NLP TECHNOLOGIES

                  Natural Language Processing is used in many ways to help computers understand and work with
                  human language. Let’s see some common types of NLP technologies.

                     Sentiment Analysis is a process used to determine whether a piece of text is positive, negative
                     or neutral.
                     Semantic Search involves understanding the intention behind any search. It also optimises
                     the search process by providing possible search predictions.

                     Optical Character  Recognition converts  written  and  printed  text  into  machine-readable
                     data.
                     Speech Recognition involves converting spoken words into machine-readable data.

                     Machine Translation, translates the source language into the target language without human
                     interference.
                     Natural  Language  Generation is a software process  which  converts structured data  into
                     natural language.




                                                Sentiment Analysis                Semantic Search

                                             Customer Opinions                      Search Predictions
                                                      Feedback                     Contextual Results


                              Optical Character Recognition                             Speech Recognition

                                              Digitization                                 Voice Commands
                                                                      Natural
                                            Data Storage                                   Accessibilty
                                                                     Language
                                                                    Processing




                                               Machine Translation               Natural Language Generation

                                               Language Barriers                   Content Creation
                                                Communication                      Data Storytelling



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                  8]]></page><page Index="11"><![CDATA[IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN AI

                 Natural Language Processing is a core domain of AI that allows machines to understand, interpret
                 and  generate  human  language—the  most  natural form of communication.  It bridges  the  gap
                 between humans and machines, making interactions more intuitive, effective and natural.
                 The significance of NLP in AI is as follows:

                     It enables communication between humans and machines using natural speech instead of
                    programming  languages. For example,  we  can  talk  to  virtual  assistants  like  Siri,  Alexa  or
                    Google Assistant using our everyday language.

                     It empowers virtual assistants to understand questions and provide relevant answers. Tools like
                    ChatGPT, customer support bots and AI tutors such as Khanmigo help millions by interpreting
                    queries and responding appropriately.
                     NLP processes  vast  amounts  of  data—such  as  documents,  emails  and  reviews—to  extract
                    useful insights. Businesses use it to analyse social media sentiments and feedback to display
                    targeted advertisements.

                    NLP supports individuals with disabilities by enabling language transcription and text-to-speech
                    features, making information more accessible.
                     NLP  allows AI systems to  extract  knowledge from text  data,  helping professionals  make
                    informed decisions. For example, doctors use AI to summarise patient records and medical
                    histories.

                 AI  is  more  useful, interactive  and  resembles  human  traits  in  the  real world, as  NLP enables
                 machines to understand, learn from and respond to human language.


                               Task                                                                Century   #Creativity
                                                                                                     21 st
                                                                                                    Skills

                    Design an invitation card for 'Teachers’ Day' celebrations in Google Docs.
                    You will find it has an in-built grammar checker that makes your editing powerful and your text
                    error-free.

                                                                                             21 st
                                                                                           Century   #Technology Literacy
                                                                                            Skills

                            GAME        01                    Semantris


                    About the game

                    Semantris is a vocabulary game where players type words related in meaning to a given
                    clue word or block of text. The AI-powered system (using Google's NLP technology) ranks
                    your input based on how closely it's related to the target words.
                    To play Semantris click on the given link OR scan the QR code:
                    https://research.google.com/semantris/





                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    9]]></page><page Index="12"><![CDATA[Semantris can be played in two modes: Arcade Mode and Blocks Mode.

                          Playing “Arcade Mode”:
                         1.   Look at a stack of words on colourful blocks.
                         2.   Choose a word you want to remove from the stack.

                         3.   Type a word that you think is closely related to it.

                         4.   Example: If the block says “ocean”, you might type “water” or “waves”.
                         5.    If your word is a strong match, the block disappears.

                         6.    Keep typing to remove words quickly before the blocks stack to the top!

                          Playing “Blocks Mode”:
                         1.    You are shown one word at the top.
                         2.    Type related words as fast as possible.

                         3.    The better your word association, the higher your score.

                         4.    Try to type quickly before the time runs out.





                  USES OF NLP

                  Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables machines to understand, interpret and generate
                  human language, bridging the gap between human communication and computers.
                  It is widely used in applications like voice assistants, chatbots, translation services and
                  sentiment analysis.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 10]]></page><page Index="13"><![CDATA[Text classification:  AI powered  by NLP  automatically
                    categorises text  into  predefined  labels or categories. For                       Spam
                    example,  email  filtering—Gmail  classifies  emails  into
                    Primary, Spam, Social,  Promotions,  etc., based on their           E-mail             Primary
                    content.  This helps users keep  their  inbox  organised.
                    Similarly, Google News uses NLP to categorise news articles
                                                                                                        Social
                    by topic.



                                                        Voice assistants:  Voice  assistants  like iPhone’s Siri and
                                                      Amazon’s  Alexa understand  speech  patterns  and provide
                                                      helpful responses.  Smart Assistants  operate  on a  voice

                                                      recognition system. They respond to users with a keyword like
                                                      “Hey Siri” or “Alexa”.



                     Search engines: Search Engines use NLP to optimise search
                    results and helping users find relevant information effectively.
                    For example, Google  not  only predicts  which popular
                    searches may apply to your query as you start typing, but
                    it also considers the bigger picture and recognises what you
                    are trying  to  search for rather than just  the  exact  search
                    words.


                   Autocorrect        Autocomplete
                                                             Word processing tools:  Features  like  autocorrect,
                                                            autocomplete and spell check in word processors rely
                                                            on  NLP  to  process  and  refine  text.  For example,
                                                            autocorrect uses NLP to suggest the closest accurate
                                                            term based on your misspelling.
                   Spellcheck           Refine Text


                     Social media monitoring: Businesses use tools like Hootsuite
                    or Buffer, which use NLP to understand how many users are
                    talking about their brands on social media. These tools alert
                    users when their brand is discussed online, aiding in real-time
                    engagement.





                                                            Customer care chatbots: Services of various e-commerce
                                                         sites use NLP to understand users' queries and recommend
                                                         possible solutions. This controls the traffic in call centres
                                                         and avoids long waiting times.



                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    11]]></page><page Index="14"><![CDATA[Smart home devices: Devices like Google Home and Alexa
                     use NLP to recognise users' voice commands and are great at
                     multitasking.





                      Emotion detection: NLP analyses text or speech to detect emotions. Its tools utilise sentiment
                     analysis and classifiers based on word tone and context, such as happiness, anger, sadness,
                     anxiety, etc. Replika AI, a chatbot, employs emotion detection to empathetically respond to
                     users' messages.


















                      Language learning apps: These apps use NLP to help users learn pronunciation,
                     grammar and vocabulary through collaborative conversations. They analyse
                     user input and provide real-time corrections and responses. Duolingo offers
                     grammar corrections by using NLP to adapt lessons.

                      Text summarisation: NLP extracts  the  main points  or generates  a  shorter
                     version of a long document  or article,  a capability  known as NLP’s Text
                     Summarisation feature. Tools like SMMRY and QuillBot provide automatic text
                     summaries, while Microsoft Word and Notion AI offer summary tools for long
                     documents or meeting notes.

                                                                                              21 st
                                                                                             Century   #Technology Literacy
                                                                                              Skills

                             GAME         02              Say What You See

                      About the game

                      Say what you see is a thinking, communication and express in words activity. In this game,
                      you're presented with an AI-generated image and tasked with describing it as precisely
                      and literally as possible within a 120-character limit.
                      To play this game follow the given steps:

                       STEP - 1   Click on the given link OR scan the QR code:

                                   https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/say-what-you-
                                   see/jwG3m7wQShZngw?hl=en




                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 12]]></page><page Index="15"><![CDATA[STEP - 2   Click on ‘Launch experiment’ button to start the game.
























                      STEP - 3   Click on 'Start Level 1' button.










                      STEP - 4   Click on 'Let’s begin' to generate an image to be described.















                      STEP - 5    You will be shown an abstract or complex image. Describe your image in the
                                  simplest word.



























                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    13]]></page><page Index="16"><![CDATA[STEP - 6    Submit your description by clicking play button. Your description is then used
                                   by the AI to generate a new image.



























                     After submitting  your description,  the system  generates  a new  image  based  on it.  You
                     receive  a  match  score  (percentage  or visual  similarity  meter)  showing  how close  your
                     generated image is to the original.




                               Reboot


                     Match the following:
                     1.   SMMRY                                   a.  Emotion Detection


                     2.  Duolingo                                 b.  Smart Home Devices
                     3.  Google News                              c.   Language Learning Apps

                     4.  Google Home                              d.  Text Summarisation

                     5.  Replika AI                               e.  Text Classification






                  HOW NLP WORKS?

                  NLP uses many different techniques to enable computers to understand natural language as
                  humans do. Whether the language is spoken or written, Natural Language Processing can use AI
                  to take real-world input, process it and make sense of it in a way a computer can understand.
                  Working of NLP can be understood by following the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Understanding language: NLP helps computers make sense of human language,
                               like the way we speak or write.



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 14]]></page><page Index="17"><![CDATA[STEP - 2   Cleaning the input: When we give input (like speech or text), NLP first cleans it—
                              this means removing extra symbols or mistakes so the computer can understand it
                              better.

                  STEP - 3    Using AI to learn: The computer then uses AI to learn from the input. It looks at
                              patterns and meaning to figure out what we’re trying to say.

























                 Natural Language Processing is the backbone of Artificial Intelligence that empowers machines to
                 understand and communicate in human-understandable language. It links people and technology,
                 enabling communication with computers through speech and text. With its various uses, such
                 as chatbots, voice assistants, email filtering, emotion detection, etc., it adds more human-like
                 features to AI, making it more accessible and valuable.
                 As AI evolves, NLP will remain essential for developing more intelligent systems that can listen,
                 learn, respond and connect with humans more naturally and effectively.



                                                                                              21 st
                                                                                            Century   #Media Literacy
                                                                                             Skills
                           Video Session


                      Watch the video of "What is NLP?" at  the given link:
                      https://youtu.be/fLvJ8VdHLA0?si=xxlbl1oMZ4yAYUPA OR scan the QR code and
                      answer the following question:

                      What do you understand by NLP?



















                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    15]]></page><page Index="18"><![CDATA[�   Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an important domain of Artificial Intelligence
                         (AI) that helps computers understand and work with human language.

                     �   Some  common  types  of NLP technologies  are sentiment  analysis,  semantic  search, optical
                         character recognition, speech recognition, machine translation and natural language generation.

                     �   Natural Language Processing is the backbone of Artificial Intelligence that empowers machines
                         to understand and communicate in human-understandable language.
                     �   NLP allows AI systems to extract knowledge from text data, helping professionals make informed
                         decisions.

                     �   NLP empowers virtual assistants to understand questions and provide relevant answers.
                     �   AI powered by NLP automatically categorises text into predefined labels or categories.

                     �   Search Engines use NLP to optimise search results and helping users find relevant information
                         effectively.

                     �   Devices like Google Home and Alexa use NLP to recognise users' voice commands and are great
                         at multitasking.









                                                            robo check



                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                     1.   Which of the following is an important domain of AI that helps computers understand
                         and work with human language?

                                  (i)  Optical Character Recognition


                                 (ii)  Natural Language Processing

                                (iii)  Machine Learning


                                (iv)  Computer Vision

                     2.  Which technology converts printed text into machine-readable data?

                                  (i)  Speech Recognition

                                 (ii)  Semantic Search


                                (iii)  Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

                                (iv)  Machine Translation



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 16]]></page><page Index="19"><![CDATA[3.  Which of the following is an example of an NLP-powered social media monitoring tool?

                                (i)  Google Home                          (ii)  Buffer

                               (iii)  Siri                               (iv)  Alexa

                    4.  Which feature in word processors relies on NLP to suggest the closest accurate term
                        based on your misspelling?

                                (i)  Text Classification                  (ii)  Autocorrect


                               (iii)  Semantic Search                    (iv)  Machine Translation

                    5.  Which NLP feature categorises emails into Primary, Spam and Promotions?

                                (i)  Sentiment Analysis                   (ii)  Text Classification

                               (iii)  Semantic Search                    (iv)  Speech Recognition


                 B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.   Speech recognition involves converting spoken words into machine-readable data.


                    2.   NLP cannot support people with disabilities.

                    3.   AI tutors such as Khanmigo help millions by interpreting queries and
                        responding appropriately.


                    4.  QuillBot is an example of emotion detection app.

                    5.   Search Engines use NLP to optimise search results and helping users find
                        relevant information effectively.


                 C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                    1.  Apps like                 and                 use NLP to listen to our            Hints
                        voice and understand what we are saying.                                     Sentiment analysis

                    2.                  is a process used to determine whether a piece of text             NLP
                        is positive, negative or neutral.                                                  Siri
                                                                                                        vocabulary
                    3.                  helps computers read, understand and respond to both              Replika
                        spoken and written language in a meaningful way.                                  Alexa

                    4.                 , a chatbot, employs emotion detection to
                        empathetically respond to users' messages.

                    5.  Language  Learning Apps  use NLP  to  help users learn  pronunciation,  grammar and
                                        through collaborative conversations.





                                                                          Natural Language Processing (NLP)
                                                                                                                    17]]></page><page Index="20"><![CDATA[COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Arnav  uses his voice  to  search for  a song on his phone and the device  instantly  finds it.
                     Meanwhile, Sneha types a review about a new cafe and the app identifies her comment as
                     positive. Which Natural Language Processing technologies are used in these two situations?

                  2.  When Dev opens his Gmail account, he notices that some emails go directly to the ‘Promotions’
                     tab, while others appear under ‘Primary’ or ‘Social’. He also sees that his Google News app
                     automatically groups stories under topics like Sports, Politics and Technology. Which Natural
                     Language Processing technique helps these applications automatically organise emails and
                     news articles into the right categories?






                                   In Life                                                      Century   #Critical Thinking
                                                                                                 21 st
                                                                                                 Skills

                    1.   Bilal searched for “affordable phones for students” and the search engine showed helpful
                       suggestions even before he finished typing. Which NLP feature helped the search engine
                       understand Bilal’s incomplete query?

                    2.   With the rise of NLP, many companies now rely on chatbots for customer interaction. Is this shift
                       towards automation beneficial or are we losing the human touch in communication?





                                                                                                 21 st
                              Deep Thinking                                                    Century   #Critical Thinking
                                                                                                Skills

                    1.   Nowadays, people use voice assistants to ask questions, set reminders or even control devices.
                      Do you think depending too much on voice assistants is a good thing? Why or why not?

                    2.   NLP tools can quickly scan thousands of social media posts to detect negative or positive
                      opinions. How can this help businesses respond better to customers—and what could go wrong if
                      they misinterpret a post?



                                                                                                    21 st
                                                                                                  Century   #Creativity
                                                                                                   Skills
                              Lab


                        1.  Use ChatGPT to compose an article on Semantic search and Machine translation.
                        2.  Create a flowchart in MS Word to draw different types of NLP.












                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 18]]></page><page Index="21"><![CDATA[2
















                                                                                       Statistical Data






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Statistical Data
                   Real-Life Application of Statistical Data
                   Collection and Presentation of Data





                          AIRO, I got a bit confused in class. The teacher said AI
                          uses many domains together. What does that mean?





                                                       Good question, AVINA. Think of AI like cooking where
                                                           one dish needs several ingredients to taste great.




                          Oh, so those different domains work
                          together like a team of helpers?



                                                               Exactly. For instance, Statistical Data helps AI
                                                            recognise patterns and make sense of numbers.





                          Like when Netflix recommends shows
                          based on what I’ve already watched?



                                                                   Perfect example. That’s AI using data and
                                                              patterns and there’s so much more to explore.







                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    19]]></page><page Index="22"><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence or AI, is a technology that helps machines make smart guesses and find
                  patterns in data. This lets them do tasks like solving problems or making decisions without needing
                  help from people. Statistics is a way of studying data to understand it better and make good
                  decisions.


                  STATISTICAL DATA

                  When machines  have to  process  a large amount
                  of numerical data, Statistical Data enables them to
                  understand, analyse and give output in the form of
                  meaningful information.

                  You can understand it in this way: when you need
                  to know the average age of a town, the data would
                  consist of huge numbers, but numerical calculation
                  would be easy. However, if you want to see how the
                  average life expectancy of the people in the town changes over time, statistical data processing
                  would help you to predict the average age of healthy individuals. Let’s understand it with some
                  more examples.

                      If you show an AI application many pictures of camels and giraffes, it uses statistics to determine
                     what makes a camel look different from a giraffe.

                      Based on history, AI can predict potential future outcomes. Like, YouTube recommends video
                     based on your previous viewing preferences.

                      Statistical methods help AI identify its mistakes and learn how to fix them. This helps the model
                     to improve over time.


                  Why is Statistical Data Important?
                  Statistical data is essential in any AI system, as it helps uncover hidden and unexpected insights.
                  Its visual representation makes  the data  easier to  understand,  while data  analysis  supports
                  informed decision-making. The following points highlight the importance of statistical data in AI:

                      AI uses statistics to analyse data, extract patterns and make predictions.

                      Statistical techniques help forecast outcomes using past data.
                      Statistics quantifies uncertainty, aiding accurate decisions.

                      Different metrics like precision, recall and F1-score assess model performance.
                      It helps AI understand cause-effect relationships for better predictions.

                      It identifies trends, outliers and meaningful patterns in data.
                      It uses statistical methods to learn, reason and predict.


                  REAL-LIFE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA

                  Statistical data is all around us and helps in making smart decisions every day. Let’s learn some
                  real-life applications of Statistical Data.


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 20]]></page><page Index="23"><![CDATA[Education

                 Statistical data in AI is increasingly being used in the field of
                 education. It enables real-time tracking of student progress
                 during classes, with the goal of providing immediate support
                 to those who are struggling. Platforms like Knewton Alta and
                 Quizlet use AI to monitor student performance and adapt
                 instruction through personalised learning resources. Some
                 systems even analyse student attention and behaviour using
                 video  or activity  data,  enhancing  engagement  in digital
                 classrooms.

                                                      Healthcare

                                                      Statistical data plays a crucial role in the healthcare industry.
                                                      It helps making informed decisions, policymaking and
                                                      personalised treatment. It can provide early warnings for
                                                      outbreaks such as the flu and COVID-19. It guides the allocation
                                                      of resources like vaccines or funding for specific diseases. In
                                                      clinical trials, statistics are used to check if new medicines
                                                      work and are safe. It can be used in risk assessments based on
                                                      patients' data, including age, genetics and lifestyle.

                                                                                              21 st
                                                                                            Century   #Media Literacy
                                                                                             Skills
                           Video Session

                      Watch the video of "Application of Statistics in Healthcare: Importance & Examples"
                      at  the given link:
                      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXCJdJ_p6Ao OR scan the QR code and answer
                      the following question:
                      What conclusion can you derive about its application in healthcare?






                 Business and Economics

                 Companies  and  economists  use  statistical  tools to  analyse
                 trends,  forecast  future  outcomes  and  minimise  operations.
                 They  study  consumer  behaviour,  preferences  and  demand
                 patterns. Manufacturers use them to improve product quality.
                 Financial institutions assess credit risk, investment preferences,
                 etc. Statistics also help in understanding employment patterns
                 and guiding job market interventions. It helps retail companies
                 study  customer  buying  patterns  and predict  busy shopping
                 periods. Governments use it to design and run job schemes and
                 welfare programmes more effectively.


                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    21]]></page><page Index="24"><![CDATA[Urban Planning and Development

                                                      Statistical data backed by AI is transforming urban planning and
                                                    development. It helps in making smart decisions for sustainable,
                                                    efficient  and public-centred  cities.  Smart cities  like Singapore,
                                                    use AI to predict and reduce traffic congestion. It helps allocate
                                                    water, electricity and waste effectively. It has a significant impact
                                                    on infrastructure development. It predicts urban growth trends
                                                    to  plan roads, schools  and hospitals.  It tracks air quality  to
                                                    inform green space development. It aids in urban safety and risk
                                                    management  by  analysing data  for earthquake-prone  zones,
                                                    flood zones or crime hotspots.



                                Brainy Fact


                     Barcelona’s Smart City Initiative uses AI-driven statistical data for traffic control, energy usage
                     and waste management and thereby improving city’s efficiency and sustainability.



                  Environmental Monitoring

                  AI-powered data helps monitor and protect the environment.
                  Cities like Delhi and Beijing use AI models to forecast pollution
                  and guide  policy.  AI also  analyses  satellite  images  to  detect
                  illegal logging and alert forest authorities, while the Netherlands
                  uses it to monitor water quality. In Africa, AI tracks wildlife to
                  prevent poaching and support conservation




                                Brainy Fact


                     NASA uses AI to predict shifts in sea level and temperature, aiding long-term planning and
                     international climate policies.



                                                    Sports and Performance Analysis

                                                    AI-powered data analysis is now widely used in sports to track
                                                    athlete  performance,  prevent  injuries  and  improve strategy.
                                                    Coaches monitor their players' heart rates, speeds and fatigue
                                                    levels during games, allowing them to adjust training loads to
                                                    prevent injuries.
                                                    In  football,  tools like  StatsBomb and  Opta provide  real-time
                  heat maps, passing  accuracy and possession  data. AI enhances players' chances of winning
                  by improving their preparation through the comparison and analysis of their opponents' data.


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 22]]></page><page Index="25"><![CDATA[Amazon Web Services (AWS) uses AI during live NFL games to analyse win probability, player
                 speed and game momentum, ultimately enhancing the viewer experience and improving betting
                 accuracy.

                                                                                             21 st   #Critical Thinking
                                                                                           Century
                                                                                            Skills  #Technology Literacy
                            GAME                        AI Chess Platform


                    About the game
                    AI Chess is a strategic game where you play against an AI opponent, testing your chess skills
                    and improving your thinking and decision-making abilities. AI Chess uses statistical data
                    to help players improve by analysing past games, suggesting better moves and showing
                    winning strategies based on patterns and success rates.

                    The steps to use AI Chess platform are:
                      STEP - 1    Visit the AI Chess platform https://www.chess.com/ OR scane the
                                  QR code.

                      STEP - 2   Click on "Play Online" and Play as Guest or Login.




















                      STEP - 3   Select the level of game. The AI opponent will make moves and track your
                                  performance.





























                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    23]]></page><page Index="26"><![CDATA[STEP - 4     After the game, the system provides feedback:
                                        Match outcome (Win, Loss, Draw)

                                        Move analysis (good moves, mistakes)


                                        Performance data (accuracy, mistakes, optimal
                                        moves)
                       STEP - 5     Review the data:

                                        Accuracy: Percentage of optimal moves

                                        Mistakes & Blunders: Errors in moves

                                        Suggested Practice: Areas to improve (e.g., opening, tactics)

                       STEP - 6       Use the feedback to improve by playing more games, focusing on weaknesses
                                    and monitoring your progress over time.





























                  Transportation and Traffic Management

                  AI-powered statistical data plays a crucial role in
                  transport  and traffic management  by  enhancing                          Autonomous
                                                                                               and
                  efficiency, safety and decision-making. Statistical              Environmental   Connected   Real-Time
                                                                                              Vehicles
                                                                                                       Traffic
                                                                                     Impact
                  data  helps make  transportation  better  by                      Reduction        Monitoring
                  improving  efficiency,  safety  and  choices.  Traffic          User-Centric           Smart
                                                                                    Travel
                  systems use data from sensors, GPS, phones and                  Applications         Traffic Signal
                                                                                                         Control
                  cameras to spot traffic jams, accidents and closed
                                                                                                        Public
                  roads. Smart traffic lights use AI to change green               Infrastructure   Incident   Transportation
                                                                                    Planning and
                  light timing  and reduce waiting.  These systems                 Policy Making  Detection and   Optimisation
                                                                                            Management
                  also look for accidents or breakdowns by checking
                  traffic patterns.



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 24]]></page><page Index="27"><![CDATA[Self-driving cars use AI to read traffic data, guess what other drivers will do and drive safely. Apps
                 like Google Maps and Waze use AI to give quick, personalised directions based on current traffic.

                 Social Media and Online Services

                 Statistical data plays a vital role in both social media and online
                 services, enabling organisations to understand user behaviour,
                 enhance  experiences  and make more  informed decisions. By
                 analysing how people interact—such as what they like, share or
                 post—companies can identify trends, personalise content and
                 target users more effectively. This vast amount of data allows

                 businesses to refine their marketing strategies, increase
                 engagement and respond quickly to customer needs, making
                 statistical analysis essential for success in today’s digital
                 landscape.

                                                            Law and Public Safety

                                                            AI statistical data enhances decision-making, resource
                                                            allocation, crime prevention and community well-being,
                                                            thereby supporting law and order and improving public
                                                            safety.  It analyses  crime  hotspots  using  Geographic
                                                            Information  Systems  (GIS). By  examining  Time  of
                                                            crime,  locations  and types;  it  identifies  patterns. Law

                                                            enforcement  agencies  utilise  statistical  data  to  justify
                 funding and allocate  resources  according  to  need.  ShotSpotter  employs  real-time  gunshot
                 detection and statistical modelling to guide police responses effectively.

                              Reboot


                      Explain any two applications of statistics in education.











                 COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

                 Facts and figures alone are not useful unless they are properly collected and processed.

                 Data  needs  to  be  gathered  systematically  and  then  organised,  analysed  and  interpreted  to
                 extract meaningful insights. Only after processing, data can help in making informed decisions,
                 identifying patterns or solving problems effectively.

                 Let’s understand how data is collected and presented.



                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    25]]></page><page Index="28"><![CDATA[Data Collection

                  Data  collection  is  the  process of gathering  information  from various  sources  to  gain  insights,
                  make decisions or solve problems. It can involve different methods such as surveys, interviews,
                  observations and experiments. The data collected can be either primary, gathered firsthand by the
                  researcher or secondary, obtained from existing sources like books, websites or reports. Accurate
                  and reliable data collection is essential as it forms the foundation for analysis and interpretation
                  in any field of study or research.

                  Data Visualisation

                  Data visualisation is the process of presenting data in a graphical or pictorial format to make
                  it easier to understand and interpret. Instead of looking at long lists of numbers, data can be
                  shown using bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, histograms and other visual tools. These visuals

                  help in identifying patterns, trends and comparisons quickly. Data visualisation makes complex
                  information more accessible and is widely used in fields like business, science and education to
                  support decision-making.



                    Activity

                   Birthday Month

                   Purpose: To collect data, represent visually and analyse

                   Divide the class into four groups based on the following criteria:

                   a.  The month with the most birthdays
                   b.  The month with the least birthdays

                   c.  Birthdays falling between the 1st and 15th of the month

                   d.  Birthdays falling between the 16th and the 30th/31st of the month
                   Activity Introduction

                      This activity is about data collection and analysis.

                       In this activity, students will collect data from their classmates about their birthday months.
                       They will then use Microsoft Excel (or Google Sheets or any similar tool) to create a graph

                       and visually represent the data.
                       The purpose is to help students understand how to collect, visualise and interpret information
                       using basic data tools.

                   Each group will create a scrapbook to paste pictures, further categorise their data based on any
                   one of the following options: season of birth, Kind of learner (Auditory / Visual / kinaesthetic),
                   Intelligence they possess and career/ industry they aim for.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 26]]></page><page Index="29"><![CDATA[One of the sample is given below:






















                  The groups can create bar graphs or pie charts using Excel or Google Sheets for their data
                  presentation and paste them on scrap book.

                  Activity Reflection

                     Did you end up with a chart like the sample shown?





























                     Let’s interpret the graph:
                     •  We can easily see which months have the most and least birthdays.

                     •  It helps the teacher plan and order birthday gifts in advance for each month.

                     This activity shows how data can be organised and used to make smart decisions.
                     It introduces students to basic data literacy and the use of digital tools for analysis.











                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    27]]></page><page Index="30"><![CDATA[4.  Which technology helps smart traffic lights adjust green light timing?

                                                                                                                                                            (i)  GPS                                  (ii)  AI
                     �   Statistical  data  is essential  in any AI system  as it  helps uncover hidden  and
                         unexpected insights.                                                                                                             (iii)  Sensor networks                     (iv)  Cameras

                     �   Companies and economists use statistical tools to analyse trends, forecast future outcomes and
                         minimise operations.                                                                                               B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                     �   AI-powered data analysis is now widely used in sports to track athlete performance, prevent                            1.  Statistics quantifies              , aiding accurate decisions.                   Hints
                         injuries and improve strategy.                                                                                                                                                                              Reports
                     �   Statistical data backed by AI is transforming urban planning and development.                                          2.  Cities like Delhi and               use to forecast pollution and guide      Data visualisation
                                                                                                                                                   policy.
                     �   Data collection is the process of gathering information from various sources to gain insights,                                                                                                               Beijing
                         make decisions or solve problems.                                                                                      3.                  is the process of presenting data in a graphical or            Uncertainity

                     �   Data  visualisation  makes  complex  information  more  accessible  and  is  widely  used  in  fields                     pictorial format.
                         like business, science and education to support decision-making.
                                                                                                                                                4.  Secondary data is obtained from existing sources like books, websites,
                                                                                                                                                   or                .


                                                                                                                                            C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                                                                                                                                                1.   Metrics like precision, recall and F1-score assess model performance.
                                                            robo check
                                                                                                                                                2.   AI in education cannot track student performance in real-time.
                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                                                                                                                                                3.   Visual representation of statistical data makes it harder to understand.
                     1.   Spot the correct impact of statistical data on healthcare.
                                                                                                                                                4.   YouTube recommendations are an example of statistical data helping
                                  (i)  Speeds up surgeries
                                                                                                                                                   AI predict user preferences.
                                 (ii)  Risk assessments and resource allocation

                                                                                                                                            COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS
                                (iii)  Tracks emotions
                                                                                                                                            1.  While  working on a city  development  project, Ishaan uses  the  data  with an AI system  to
                                (iv)  Weather monitoring
                                                                                                                                                analyse data on traffic, pollution and population growth. This helps his team decide where to

                     2.  Choose the areas where companies use statistical tools for predictions.                                                build new roads, schools and parks and also identifies flood-prone areas to improve safety
                                                                                                                                                measures. Which type of data is being used here to support urban planning and sustainable
                                  (i)  Urban planning                       (ii)  Environmental monitoring
                                                                                                                                                city development?
                                (iii)  Business and Economics             (iv)  Sports analysis                                             2.  When Aarav feeds an AI program with hundreds of pictures of camels and giraffes, the system

                                                                                                                                                studies their features to tell them apart. Later, when he watches videos online, the app starts
                     3.  Identify the data that football teams track using AI.
                                                                                                                                                suggesting  new ones  similar to  what he has already  seen. Which concept  helps Artificial
                                  (i)  Salaries                                                                                                 Intelligence analyse large amounts of numerical data, learn from it and make predictions
                                                                                                                                                based on patterns?
                                 (ii)  Emotions

                                (iii)  Social media


                                (iv)  real-time heat maps, passing accuracy and possession


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 28]]></page><page Index="31"><![CDATA[4.  Which technology helps smart traffic lights adjust green light timing?

                                (i)  GPS                                  (ii)  AI


                               (iii)  Sensor networks                    (iv)  Cameras

                 B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                    1.  Statistics quantifies               , aiding accurate decisions.                  Hints
                                                                                                          Reports
                    2.  Cities like Delhi and                use to forecast pollution and guide      Data visualisation
                        policy.                                                                           Beijing

                    3.                  is the process of presenting data in a graphical or             Uncertainity
                        pictorial format.

                    4.  Secondary data is obtained from existing sources like books, websites,
                        or                .


                 C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.   Metrics like precision, recall and F1-score assess model performance.

                    2.   AI in education cannot track student performance in real-time.


                    3.   Visual representation of statistical data makes it harder to understand.

                    4.   YouTube recommendations are an example of statistical data helping
                        AI predict user preferences.



                 COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  While  working on a city  development  project, Ishaan uses  the  data  with an AI system  to
                    analyse data on traffic, pollution and population growth. This helps his team decide where to
                    build new roads, schools and parks and also identifies flood-prone areas to improve safety

                    measures. Which type of data is being used here to support urban planning and sustainable
                    city development?
                 2.  When Aarav feeds an AI program with hundreds of pictures of camels and giraffes, the system

                    studies their features to tell them apart. Later, when he watches videos online, the app starts
                    suggesting  new ones  similar to  what he has already  seen. Which concept  helps Artificial
                    Intelligence analyse large amounts of numerical data, learn from it and make predictions
                    based on patterns?










                                                                                          Statistical Data
                                                                                                                    29]]></page><page Index="32"><![CDATA[In Life                                                  Century   #Critical Thinking
                                                                                             21 st
                                                                                                   #Technology Literacy
                                                                                             Skills
                    1.   Sana is watching educational videos on YouTube. Soon, her homepage is filled with videos on
                       science and maths. How is YouTube able to recommend videos matching her interest?

                    2.   Zara’s school uses an AI tool to track her progress and give extra help in maths. Which feature of
                        AI is helping Zara improve her learning?





                                                                                                 21 st
                               Deep Thinking                                                    Century   #Critical Thinking
                                                                                                 Skills

                    Should smart traffic systems decide how long signals stay red or green without human input? What
                    if the system fails or makes a wrong prediction?



                                                                                                  21 st
                                                                                                 Century   #Creativity
                                                                                                 Skills
                              Lab


                        1.   Open ChatGPT and find the sports companies that uses AI and statistical data to help the
                          business and write a short note using Wordprocessing software on “Sports companies and
                          use of Statistical Data of AI, advantages and disadvantages”.
                        2.  Enter the data given below in Excel:
                                            Weekly Screen Time of Students (in hours)

                                Student Name     YouTube     Educational Apps     Games     Social Media
                               John             6           4                     3        2
                               Mansi            3           5                     1        2
                               Simran           5           3                     4        3
                               Abhishek         4           6                     2        1
                               Rohit            7           2                     5        4

                                Create Bar graphs or Pie charts to show:

                                    •  Screen time comparison per student
                                    •  Total hours spent per category across all students

                                Answer the following questions :
                                    •  Which app type do students spend the most time on?

                                    •  Which student uses educational apps the most?
                                    •  What patterns can AI learn from this data?








                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 30]]></page><page Index="33"><![CDATA[3
















                                                                                      Robotics with AI






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Introduction to Robotics and AI                The STA Model: Sense, Think, Act
                   Components of AI Robotics                       Types of AI in Robotics
                   Applications of Robotics with AI                Advantages and Challenges





                          Hey AIRO, what is the difference between
                          a regular robot and one with AI?





                                            Great question, AVINA! With AI, robots can think for themselves
                                               and make decisions, just like I help you with your homework.




                          Oh, so you can
                          learn too?


                                                                                    Yes! The more I learn, the
                                                                              smarter I get, just like humans.





                          That’s pretty cool! I bet robots
                          will be doing all sorts of things
                          in the future.
                                                                For sure! Some already help out in hospitals,
                                                                   explore space and even drive cars. Let us
                                                                    explore more about them in this chapter.







                                                                                         Robotics with AI
                                                                                                                    31]]></page><page Index="34"><![CDATA[Robotics and AI are shaping the future, enabling machines to think, learn and act autonomously.
                  In this chapter, you'll explore the key components of AI robotics and learn about the application
                  of robotics across various industries.


                  INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS AND AI

                  Robotics and Artificial Intelligence are two exciting fields of technology that are shaping the way
                  we live, work and learn.

                  What is Robotics?

                  Robotics is  a  branch of science  and  engineering that  deals  with  designing,  building  and
                  programming robots. A robot is a smart machine that can sense its surroundings, make decisions
                  and perform tasks either automatically or with some guidance. Robots are used in many areas,
                  such as manufacturing, medicine, agriculture, space exploration and even our homes.




















                  What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
                  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or machine to think and learn like humans.
                  AI allows machines to recognise patterns, solve problems and make decisions without needing
                  constant  human  instructions.  Examples  of AI include  virtual  assistants  (like  Siri  or Alexa),
                  self-driving cars and recommendation systems on apps such as YouTube or Netflix.






















                  Connection between Robotics and AI

                  Robotics and AI often work together.
                     Robotics provides the body (hardware: sensors, motors, circuits, etc.).


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 32]]></page><page Index="35"><![CDATA[AI provides the brain (software: learning, decision-making, problem-solving).




















                 Together,  they  create  intelligent  robots  that  can do  complex  tasks—such  as  a  robot  vacuum
                 cleaner that maps your house, a robot surgeon that assists in medical operations or a Mars rover
                 that explores another planet.


                 THE STA MODEL: SENSE, THINK, ACT

                 The STA Model: Sense, Think, Act is a simple way to understand how robots and smart systems
                 work:
                    Sense: Robots use sensors to collect information from their surroundings, like eyes and ears do
                    for humans.

                    Think: A small computer (the robot’s ‘brain’) processes the information and decides what
                    action to take.

                    Act: The robot carries out the action, such as moving, lifting or turning.























                 This model shows how robots behave step by step, just like we sense, think and act in our daily
                 lives.


                 COMPONENTS OF AI ROBOTICS

                 AI robotics relies on several key components to function effectively, each serving a distinct purpose.
                 Here are some of the components:



                                                                                         Robotics with AI
                                                                                                                    33]]></page><page Index="36"><![CDATA[Sensors

                                          Sensors allow robots to detect and interpret their environment, capturing
                                          data such as light, distance and motion. This information is crucial for the
                                          robot to make decisions and navigate its surroundings. Advanced sensors
                                          can also detect more complex factors like temperature and pressure.


                  Processor/Microcontroller

                  The  processor or  microcontroller acts  as  the  robot’s brain,
                  processing sensor data and executing tasks. It runs algorithms to
                  make decisions and send commands to the robot’s components.
                  In  more complex  robots,  multiple  processors  may be used  for
                  different functions.


                                            Actuators

                                            Actuators are responsible  for  the robot’s physical  movements,
                                            converting  electrical  energy  into  mechanical  motion.  They  allow the
                                            robot to interact with and manipulate objects in its environment. These
                                            can include motors, hydraulic cylinders or pneumatic actuators.



                  Power Source

                  The  power source provides the necessary  energy for  the robot’s
                  components to function, typically through rechargeable batteries. It
                  needs to be reliable and provide enough capacity for the robot’s
                  tasks.  Some  robots  also use alternative  energy sources  like  solar
                  cells.

                                                  AI Software
                                                  AI software enables robots to process data, learn from experiences
                                                  and make  autonomous  decisions.  It includes  algorithms  and
                                                  machine  learning models  for  tasks  like  object  recognition.
                                                  The software improves  over time  as  the  robot  learns from its
                                                  environment.


                          VISUAL VAULT
                          Identify the following components of AI robotics and write their names:


                          1.                                2.                             3.








                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 34]]></page><page Index="37"><![CDATA[Ask AIRO
                      What happens if a robot has sensors but no AI to process the data?





                 TYPES OF AI IN ROBOTICS

                 Artificial  Intelligence  (AI)  in robotics  helps robots  think, learn  and make  decisions,  much like
                 humans. Different types of AI are used in robots depending on how advanced they are and the
                 tasks they need to perform. Let’s explore the main types:

                 1.  Reactive AI:  Reactive AI enables robots to perform simple tasks by reacting to their
                    surroundings. These robots don’t learn from the past but follow a set of instructions to
                    complete their job.
                      Example: A robot that sweeps the floor following a fixed pattern, without learning anything

                    about its environment.
                 2.  Cognitive AI: Cognitive AI allows robots to think and make decisions like humans. They can
                    remember information, learn new things and adapt to different situations.

                    Example: A robot that learns to avoid obstacles as it moves around a room.
                 3.  Learning AI (Machine Learning): Learning AI enables robots to improve at tasks by learning
                    from experience. The more data they receive, the smarter they become.

                      Example: A robot  that  assembles  parts  more efficiently  each  time  by  learning from past
                    attempts.
                 4.  Decision-making  AI:  Decision-making  AI  helps  robots  make  quick  decisions  based  on
                    information from their environment.

                      Example: A robot that chooses the safest path to travel when avoiding obstacles or other
                    people.
                 5.  Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI: NLP allows robots to understand and communicate
                    with humans. This type of AI enables robots to recognise and respond to speech.

                    Example: A robot that can answer questions or give directions using voice commands.
                 6.  Hybrid AI: Hybrid AI combines different types of AI to make robots more flexible and capable
                    of performing a variety of tasks. It integrates learning, decision-making and other AI types
                    together.

                      Example: A robot that can both learn from its surroundings and make decisions based on
                    expert knowledge.


                                                           John Deere's hybrid AI in farming
                                            SMART       equipment has increased crop yield by
                                            SPARK
                                                      10-15% and reduced resource use by 20%.






                                                                                         Robotics with AI
                                                                                                                    35]]></page><page Index="38"><![CDATA[APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS WITH AI

                  Robotics combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionised various industries. By enabling
                  robots to think, learn and adapt, these advanced systems can now perform tasks that were once
                  unimaginable. Here are some key applications:

                  Manufacturing and Automation
                  Robots with AI are widely used in manufacturing for tasks like
                  assembly, welding and packaging. They can analyse data in real
                  time to improve efficiency and quality control, leading to faster
                  production times and reduced errors.


                                                  Healthcare

                                                  AI-powered robots are used in surgeries, diagnostics and patient
                                                  care. Surgical robots, for instance, can perform precise operations
                                                  with minimal human intervention.  AI also helps in diagnosing
                                                  diseases  through  imaging analysis  and assisting  doctors  in
                                                  decision-making.


                  Agriculture

                  Robots with AI are transforming farming practices by automating
                  tasks like planting, watering and harvesting crops. AI enables
                  these  robots  to  detect  diseases,  pests  and  soil  conditions,
                  ensuring better crop yields and healthier plants.


                                                   Space Exploration
                                                   Robotics  with AI plays  a vital role in space  missions.  AI allows
                                                   robotic  rovers to  explore  planets,  analyse  samples  and  make
                                                   decisions about where to go and what to explore next without
                                                   waiting for instructions from Earth.



                  Education

                  AI-powered  robots  are  being  used  in  classrooms  to  assist  in
                  teaching.  These robots  can engage  with students, provide
                  personalised learning experiences and even help with language
                  learning by interacting in real-time.


                                                   Entertainment

                                                   In entertainment, robots with AI are used in theme parks, movies
                                                   and gaming.  AI-powered robots  can perform stunts,  interact
                                                   with  visitors or generate  realistic  characters  that  respond  to
                                                   player inputs.


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 36]]></page><page Index="39"><![CDATA[Smart Homes and Assistive Robots
                 AI robots are used in smart homes to perform tasks like cleaning
                 (robot  vacuums), monitoring  security  and controlling  home
                 automation systems. They can learn user preferences and adjust
                 the environment accordingly.



                                                             If a robot avoids a human to
                                                            protect itself, is it making an
                                                                  ethical decision?



                 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES

                 Robots bring numerous benefits to various industries, but their integration also comes with certain
                 challenges that need to be considered.

                 Advantages of Robots

                 Robots offer several key advantages that make them valuable assets across different industries:

                 1.  Increased  efficiency: Robots  can work continuously,  boosting  productivity  by  completing
                    tasks faster than humans.
                 2.  High precision: They can perform tasks with great accuracy, reducing errors in detailed work.

                 3.  Safety: Robots operate in hazardous environments, reducing risks to human workers.

                 4.   Cost  savings: Over  time,  robots  reduce  the  need  for manual labour, cutting  costs  and
                    improving consistency.
                 5.  Versatility: Robots can be reprogrammed for various tasks across multiple industries.

                 Challenges of Robots

                 Despite their benefits, robots also present several challenges:
                 1.  High initial cost: The upfront cost of designing and installing robots can be prohibitive for
                    smaller businesses.

                 2.  Limited  creativity: Robots  lack  the  ability  to think  creatively  or adapt  to  unpredictable
                    situations.

                 3.  Maintenance and repair: Regular maintenance is needed and breakdowns can be costly.
                 4.  Job Displacement: Automation raises concerns about the potential loss of human jobs.

                 5.  Dependence on technology: Robots are reliant on software and electricity, meaning system
                    failures can cause disruptions.


                 ECOTECH
                 ENERGY       Smart Irrigation Robots use AI to optimise water usage for crops, conserving resources.





                                                                                         Robotics with AI
                                                                                                                    37]]></page><page Index="40"><![CDATA[4.  Spot the industry where robots are used for tasks like assembly and packaging.

                                                                                                                                                            (i)  Healthcare                           (ii)  Education
                     �   Robotics and AI are shaping the future, enabling machines to think, learn and act
                         autonomously.                                                                                                                    (iii)  Manufacturing                       (iv)  Entertainment

                     �   Robotics  is  a branch of science  and engineering  that  deals  with designing,  building  and                        5.  Which component is responsible for providing energy to robots?
                         programming robots.

                     �   Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or machine to think and learn like humans.                               (i)  Microcontroller                      (ii)  Actuators
                     �   Sensors allow robots to detect and interpret their environment, capturing data such as light,                                    (iii)  Sensors                             (iv)  Power Source
                         distance and motion.

                     �   Actuators are responsible for the robot's physical movements, converting electrical energy into                    B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.
                         mechanical motion.
                                                                                                                                                1.   Reactive AI robots learn from past experiences and adapt to their environment.
                     �   Robots with AI are widely used in manufacturing for tasks like assembly, welding and packaging.

                     �   AI-powered robots are used in surgeries, diagnostics and patient care.                                                 2.   NLP allows robots to understand and communicate with humans.
                     �   Robots with AI are transforming farming practices by automating tasks like planting, watering                          3.   Robots with AI can only perform simple tasks and do not need sensors.
                         and harvesting crops.
                                                                                                                                                4.  Robots can be reprogrammed for various tasks across multiple industries.
                     �   Robots can work continuously, boosting productivity by completing tasks faster than humans.

                     �   AI robots are used in smart homes to perform tasks like cleaning (robot vacuums), monitoring                           5.  AI-powered robots are being used in classrooms to assist in teaching.
                         security and controlling home automation systems.
                                                                                                                                            C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     �   Robots are reliant on software and electricity, meaning system failures can cause disruptions.
                                                                                                                                                1.  Actuators are responsible for converting                  energy into             Hints
                                                                                                                                                   mechanical motion.                                                               Cognitive AI

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Artificial
                                                                                                                                                2.  The three main steps in the STA Model are Sense,                   and        Intelligence (AI)
                                                                                                                                                   Act.                                                                               Think

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Electrical
                                                            robo check                                                                          3.                  is the ability of a computer or machine to think and learn     Environment
                                                                                                                                                   like humans.

                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.                                                                                              4.  Sensors allow robots to detect and interpret their                .
                     1.   Select the component that acts as the robot's brain.                                                                  5.                  allows robots to think and make decisions like humans.

                                  (i)  Sensors                              (ii)  Processor

                                (iii)  Actuators                          (iv)  Power Source                                                COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                     2.  Choose the type of AI used when robots improve by learning from experience.                                        1.   Kiran is programming a robot that needs to make quick decisions while navigating through a

                                  (i)  Reactive AI                          (ii)  Cognitive AI                                                  crowded area. The robot should choose the safest path to avoid obstacles and people. Which
                                                                                                                                                type of AI should Kiran use for this robot?
                                (iii)  Learning AI                        (iv)  Decision-Making AI
                                                                                                                                            2.   Sasha is building a robot to navigate through a maze. She wants the robot to detect obstacles
                     3.  Which of the following is an advantage of robots?
                                                                                                                                                and avoid collisions. Which component should Sasha use to help the robot detect objects in its
                                  (i)  Increased Efficiency                 (ii)  Limited Creativity                                            path?

                                (iii)  High Initial Cost                  (iv)  Job Displacement



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 38]]></page><page Index="41"><![CDATA[4.  Spot the industry where robots are used for tasks like assembly and packaging.

                                (i)  Healthcare                           (ii)  Education

                               (iii)  Manufacturing                      (iv)  Entertainment

                    5.  Which component is responsible for providing energy to robots?


                                (i)  Microcontroller                      (ii)  Actuators

                               (iii)  Sensors                            (iv)  Power Source

                 B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.   Reactive AI robots learn from past experiences and adapt to their environment.


                    2.   NLP allows robots to understand and communicate with humans.

                    3.   Robots with AI can only perform simple tasks and do not need sensors.

                    4.  Robots can be reprogrammed for various tasks across multiple industries.

                    5.  AI-powered robots are being used in classrooms to assist in teaching.


                 C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                    1.  Actuators are responsible for converting                   energy into            Hints
                        mechanical motion.                                                              Cognitive AI

                                                                                                         Artificial
                    2.  The three main steps in the STA Model are Sense,                    and        Intelligence (AI)
                        Act.                                                                               Think

                    3.                  is the ability of a computer or machine to think and learn       Electrical
                        like humans.                                                                    Environment

                    4.  Sensors allow robots to detect and interpret their                 .

                    5.                  allows robots to think and make decisions like humans.



                 COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS


                 1.   Kiran is programming a robot that needs to make quick decisions while navigating through a
                    crowded area. The robot should choose the safest path to avoid obstacles and people. Which
                    type of AI should Kiran use for this robot?

                 2.   Sasha is building a robot to navigate through a maze. She wants the robot to detect obstacles
                    and avoid collisions. Which component should Sasha use to help the robot detect objects in its
                    path?






                                                                                         Robotics with AI
                                                                                                                    39]]></page><page Index="42"><![CDATA[CASE STUDY





                     In a smart home, a robot called HomeBot is designed to help with household chores like vacuuming,
                     dusting  and even cooking. It is equipped  with sensors, a microcontroller  and AI to  learn  the
                     preferences of the family members. HomeBot can automatically adjust its cleaning routine based on
                     the room's usage patterns. However, it faces challenges, such as difficulty in navigating unfamiliar
                     spaces and the possibility of malfunctioning when too many obstacles are in the way.

                    Based on the above case, answer the following questions:

                    1.  What types of household chores is HomeBot designed to assist with?


                    2.  What challenges does HomeBot face in its operation?










                            Learn robotics to build a career in AI robotics, robotics engineering, automation and space robotics.













































                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 40]]></page><page Index="43"><![CDATA[4








                                                                                             Introduction


                                                                                                  to Sensors


                                                                                              in Tinkercad






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Sensor                                         Working of Sensors
                   Using Tinkercad to Simulate Sensors             Build a PIR Sensor Circuit
                   Build Automatic Streetlight





                          Hey AIRO, what
                          is a sensor?



                                                              A sensor detects things like light or movement
                                                                 and sends that info to a robot or computer.






                          So, it helps robots
                          understand the world?



                                                                             Exactly! It’s like your senses that
                                                                             help you interact with the world.






                          Can I design a sensor
                          circuit in Tinkercad?



                                                        Yes! Tinkercad lets you build and test sensor circuits
                                                  virtually. Let’s take a closer look at circuits in this chapter.






                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    41]]></page><page Index="44"><![CDATA[In everyday life, sensors are used to gather information and trigger actions. Building physical
                  circuits can be challenging, but with Tinkercad, you can easily simulate and test sensors. In this
                  chapter, you’ll learn about different types of sensors, how they work and how to use Tinkercad to
                  simulate sensor circuits.


                  SENSOR

                  A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical stimuli like light, heat, motion or sound.
                  Sensors convert these physical signals into data that can be processed by a microcontroller,
                  like the ones you use in Tinkercad. In robotics and electronics, sensors play a key role in helping
                  devices interact with their environment.

                  Types of Sensors

                  There are many types of sensors, each designed for a specific purpose. Let's explore some of the
                  common ones:
                  1.  Photoresistor Sensor: A photoresistor is a sensor that changes its resistance based
                     on the amount of light falling on it. It is widely used in light-sensing applications like
                     adjusting the brightness of a screen or turning on a light when it gets dark.


                                  2.  Photodiode Sensor: A photodiode is a semiconductor device that generates
                                      current when exposed to light. Unlike a photoresistor, it works in both direct
                                      and reverse bias and is used in applications like optical communication, light
                                      meters and more precise light sensing.

                  3.  IR Sensor  (Infrared  Sensor):  An IR  sensor is used  to  detect  objects,  measure
                     distance  or monitor  the movement  of people  or  animals.  It works by  emitting
                     infrared light and measuring the amount of light reflected back. It's commonly
                     used in proximity sensing, remote controls and line-following robots.


                                               4.  Ultrasonic Distance Sensor: The ultrasonic sensor uses sound
                                                   waves to  measure  distance  by  emitting  high-frequency  sound
                                                   waves and calculating the time it takes for them to bounce back.
                                                   This sensor is commonly used in robotics for obstacle detection
                                                   and distance measurement.

                  5.  PIR Sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor): The PIR sensor detects infrared
                     radiation  (heat)  emitted by objects.  It is primarily  used  to  detect
                     motion, which makes it ideal for security systems, automatic lighting or
                     motion-triggered devices.


                             6.  Soil Moisture Sensor: The soil moisture sensor measures the amount of moisture
                                 present in the soil. It is a great tool for gardening, farming and smart irrigation
                                 systems to automate watering based on soil moisture levels.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 42]]></page><page Index="45"><![CDATA[7.   Temperature  Sensor:  A  temperature  sensor  detects  the  temperature of its
                    surroundings and converts it into an electrical signal. These sensors are used in a
                    variety  of applications,  such as  weather  stations, thermostats  and  systems  that
                    require temperature control, like heating and cooling devices.


                      Ask AIRO

                      What happens if I use the wrong sensor for my project?



                        VISUAL VAULT

                        Identify the following sensors and write their names:



                        1.                                             2.







                        3.                                             4.






                 WORKING OF SENSORS


                 Sensors function by detecting a specific type of input from the environment and converting it
                 into a signal that can be processed by a microcontroller or other devices. Let's break down how
                 sensors typically work:
                 1.  Detection: The sensor detects a specific physical phenomenon such as light, temperature,
                    motion or sound. This is the stimulus that the sensor is designed to detect. For example, a
                    temperature sensor detects the heat or cold in the environment, while an infrared (IR) sensor
                    detects heat emitted by objects.

                 2.  Conversion: Once the sensor detects the stimulus, it converts the physical information into a
                    measurable signal, typically electrical. This can be in the form of a voltage, current or frequency
                    change. For instance:
                        A photoresistor changes its resistance based on the amount of light falling on it.

                         An ultrasonic sensor sends out sound waves and measures the time it takes for the echo
                        to return, converting it into a distance measurement.
                 3.  Processing: The signal from the sensor is then processed by a microcontroller or an integrated
                    circuit. The microcontroller uses this signal to make decisions or trigger actions. For example,
                    if the temperature exceeds a certain threshold, the microcontroller might activate a cooling
                    system.





                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    43]]></page><page Index="46"><![CDATA[4.  Output or Action: Once the signal is processed, the system may take action based on the
                     sensor's reading.
                     For example:

                          If a PIR sensor detects motion, the system                      A typical PIR sensor can
                         might turn on lights or send an alert.              SMART      detect motion up to 20 feet

                          If a soil moisture sensor detects dry soil, it     SPARK          (6 meters) in range.
                         may trigger an irrigation system to water the
                         plants.



                  USING TINKERCAD TO SIMULATE SENSORS

                  Tinkercad allows students to explore how sensors work in real robots and electronic
                  projects.  To open  Tinkercad, first open  your  web  browser and  then  search for
                  https://www.tinkercad.com or scan the QR code. By using its Circuits feature, you
                  can  connect components like  light  sensors, temperature  sensors  or ultrasonic  sensors  to  the
                  microcontroller  and  see how they  respond.  This  helps  you  understand  how sensors  collect
                  information from the environment and send it to the robot to make smart decisions—just like in
                  real-life robotics.






























                                                         CHALLENGE CHAIN
                    If you wanted to measure the distance between objects using sound waves, which sensor would
                    you use and what changes would you make to the circuit to make it work?















                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 44]]></page><page Index="47"><![CDATA[BUILD A PIR SENSOR CIRCUIT


                 A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor detects motion by measuring infrared
                 radiation  from objects,  like  humans  or animals.  The sensor's  output
                 changes  when it  detects  a  moving  object,  triggering  an action.  This
                 project will connect a PIR sensor to a simple circuit to control an LED,
                 lighting it up when motion is detected. The circuit is powered by 3 AA

                 1.5V batteries.
                                                                                              Signal   Power    Ground
                 To build the Motion Sensor Circuit, follow the given steps:

                   STEP - 1    Open a new circuit window in Tinkercad and rename your project (Motion Sensor

                              Circuit).

                  STEP - 2    Connect the Power pin of the PIR sensor to the positive terminal of the 3x AA 1.5V
                              battery pack.

                  STEP - 3     Connect the Ground pin of the PIR sensor to the negative terminal of the 3x AA 1.5V
                              battery pack.

                  STEP - 4    Place a 220-ohm resistor and connect one end of the resistor to the Signal pin of the
                              PIR sensor.


                  STEP - 5    Connect the other end of the resistor to the anode (positive side) of the LED.

                  STEP - 6    Connect the cathode (negative side) of the LED directly to the negative terminal of
                              the 3x AA 1.5V battery pack.

                   STEP - 7    Click on the Start Simulation button to test the circuit.





































                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    45]]></page><page Index="48"><![CDATA[The LED will light up when motion is detected by the PIR sensor. If no motion is detected, the LED
                  will remain off. This confirms that the sensor is detecting changes in infrared radiation.


                                                           If a robot detects a fire in a building,
                                                            should it prioritise alerting humans
                                                               or suppressing the fire itself?








                  The above virtual task can also be carried out using physical hardware components. Let's perform
                  the same.

                  Materials Required











                            LED          Resistor (220-ohm)        Wires               Battery       PIR Motion Sensor

                  Steps Walkthrough
                  To build the motion-activated LED circuit, start by connecting the Power (VCC) pin of the PIR
                  sensor to the positive (+) terminal of the battery. Then, connect the Ground (GND) pin of the PIR
                  sensor to the negative (-) terminal of the battery. Next, take a 220-ohm resistor and connect one
                  end to the Signal (OUT) pin of the PIR sensor. The other end of the resistor should be connected
                  to the anode (+) (positive leg) of the LED. Finally, connect the cathode (-) (negative leg) of the LED
                  directly to the negative (-) terminal of the battery.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 46]]></page><page Index="49"><![CDATA[Final Output

                 The LED will light up when any object is detected by the PIR sensor. If no object is detected near
                 the sensor, the LED will remain off. This confirms that the sensor is detecting changes in infrared
                 radiation.


























                 BUILD AUTOMATIC STREETLIGHT

                 An automatic streetlight circuit uses a photoresistor to detect light levels and automatically turn
                 on or off the LED based on the ambient light. When it gets dark, the photoresistor detects the lower
                 light levels, triggering the LED to turn on.

                 To build the Automatic Streetlight circuit, follow the given steps:

                   STEP - 1    Open a new circuit window in Tinkercad and rename your project as Automatic
                              Streetlight Circuit.

                  STEP - 2    Connect the positive terminal of the 9V battery to the positive rail on the breadboard.

                  STEP - 3    Connect  the  negative terminal of the  9V battery  to  the  negative rail on the
                              breadboard.

                  STEP - 4    Connect one leg of the photoresistor to row 2, column i and the other leg to row 3,
                              column i.


                  STEP - 5    Place the first 220K ohm resistor on the breadboard and connect one end of the
                              resistor to row 3, column h (where the photoresistor is connected) and the other end
                              to row 7, column h.

                  STEP - 6    Place the second 330-ohm resistor on the breadboard and connect one end of the
                              resistor to row 7, column i and the other end to row 11, column i.

                   STEP - 7    Connect the anode (positive leg) of the LED to row 11, column j.

                  STEP - 8    Connect the cathode (negative leg) of the LED to row 14, column j.




                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    47]]></page><page Index="50"><![CDATA[STEP - 9    Place the NPN transistor on the breadboard in rows 23-25 (row 23 - Collector, row
                               24 - Base, row 25 - Emitter).

                   STEP - 10    Connect a jumper wire from row 14, column i (where the cathode of the LED is
                               connected) to row 23, column i (the collector (C) pin of the NPN transistor).


                    STEP - 11    Connect a jumper wire from row 3, column g to row 24, column g (the base (B) pin
                               of the NPN transistor).

                   STEP - 12    Connect a jumper wire from row 2, column f to row 25, column f (the emitter (E) pin
                               of the NPN transistor).

                   STEP - 13    Connect a jumper wire from row 25, column h to the negative rail on the breadboard.

                   STEP - 14    Connect a jumper wire from row 7, column j to the positive rail on the breadboard.

                   STEP - 15    Click on the Start Simulation button to test the circuit.











































                  The LED will automatically turn on when the surrounding light is low (when the photoresistor
                  detects darkness) and turn off when the light is bright. This confirms that the photoresistor is
                  sensing light levels and controlling the LED accordingly.


                   ECOTECH     Solar-Powered Outdoor Lights use photoresistors to turn on automatically when it gets dark,
                   ENERGY      conserving energy.




                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 48]]></page><page Index="51"><![CDATA[STEP - 9    Place the NPN transistor on the breadboard in rows 23-25 (row 23 - Collector, row
 24 - Base, row 25 - Emitter).

                    �   A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical stimuli like light, heat,
 STEP - 10    Connect a jumper wire from row 14, column i (where the cathode of the LED is   motion or sound.
 connected) to row 23, column i (the collector (C) pin of the NPN transistor).
                    �   A photoresistor is a sensor that changes its resistance based on the amount of light falling on it.
 STEP - 11    Connect a jumper wire from row 3, column g to row 24, column g (the base (B) pin   �   A photodiode is a semiconductor device that generates current when exposed to light.
 of the NPN transistor).  �   An IR sensor is used to detect objects, measure distance or monitor the movement of people or

 STEP - 12    Connect a jumper wire from row 2, column f to row 25, column f (the emitter (E) pin   animals.
 of the NPN transistor).  �   The ultrasonic sensor uses sound waves to measure distance by emitting high-frequency sound
                        waves and calculating the time it takes for them to bounce back.
 STEP - 13    Connect a jumper wire from row 25, column h to the negative rail on the breadboard.
                    �   A temperature sensor detects the temperature of its surroundings and converts it into an electrical
 STEP - 14    Connect a jumper wire from row 7, column j to the positive rail on the breadboard.  signal.

                    �   Tinkercad allows students to explore how sensors work in real robots and electronic projects.
 STEP - 15    Click on the Start Simulation button to test the circuit.









                                                           robo check



                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                    1.   Select the type of sensor that detects motion using infrared radiation.
                                (i)  Photoresistor                        (ii)  Ultrasonic Distance Sensor


                               (iii)  PIR Sensor                         (iv)  Temperature Sensor
                    2.  Which of the following is true about the temperature sensor?

                                (i)  It detects light levels

                                (ii)  It detects heat and converts it into an electrical signal


                               (iii)  It measures distance using sound

                               (iv)  It measures soil moisture

                    3.  Select the correct order of how a sensor works.
 The LED will automatically turn on when the surrounding light is low (when the photoresistor
 detects darkness) and turn off when the light is bright. This confirms that the photoresistor is      (i)  Detection, Conversion, Output, Processing
 sensing light levels and controlling the LED accordingly.     (ii)  Detection, Processing, Conversion, Output


 ECOTECH   Solar-Powered Outdoor Lights use photoresistors to turn on automatically when it gets dark,     (iii)  Processing, Conversion, Detection, Output
 ENERGY  conserving energy.    (iv)  Detection, Conversion, Processing, Output




                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    49]]></page><page Index="52"><![CDATA[4.  Which type of sensor is used in the Automatic Streetlight project to detect light levels?

                                  (i)  IR Sensor                            (ii)  PIR Sensor

                                (iii)  Photoresistor                      (iv)  Ultrasonic Sensor

                     5.  Choose the correct sensor used to measure distance using sound waves.

                                  (i)  Ultrasonic Distance Sensor           (ii)  Soil Moisture Sensor

                                (iii)  Photodiode                         (iv)  PIR Sensor


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.   The microcontroller processes the signal from a sensor and can trigger
                         actions based on that signal.

                     2.   A PIR sensor can trigger actions such as turning on lights when motion

                         is detected.

                     3.   A soil moisture sensor detects the temperature of the environment.

                     4.   The processing phase of a sensor involves interpreting the signal from
                         the sensor and making decisions based on that information.

                     5.  Sensors are not used to gather information and trigger actions.


                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                     1.  A                 changes its resistance based on the amount of light             Hints
                         falling on it.                                                                  Conversion
                                                                                                         Photodiode
                     2.  In Tinkercad, you can use the                  feature to simulate circuits
                                                                                                           Circuits
                         and sensors.                                                                    Photoresistor

                     3.  Sensors in robotics help devices                  with their environment.         Interact

                     4.  A                 sensor generates current when exposed to light and is
                         used in optical communication.
                     5.  After a sensor detects a stimulus, the                 step involves converting the physical

                         signal into an electrical signal.


                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Maya is building a plant watering system and needs to detect soil moisture levels to trigger
                     irrigation. Which sensor should Maya use for this task?

                  2.  Ravi is building a motion detection system for a smart home project. He wants to use a sensor
                     that detects human movement. Which sensor should Ravi use?




                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 50]]></page><page Index="53"><![CDATA[Create a morning alarm system that triggers a buzzer when it detects light (e.g., at sunrise).

                 1.  Set up the photoresistor on the breadboard to detect light levels.
                 2.  Connect a buzzer to the breadboard.

                 3.  Use a battery to power the system.
                 4.  When the photoresistor detects light (morning), the buzzer will sound.

                 5.  Test the circuit to ensure the buzzer triggers when light increases.





                 Goal



                 Setup






                 Observation



















                          Master sensor technologies to pursue careers in IoT (Internet of Things), Sensor Network Design
                          or Embedded Systems Engineering.


























                                                                         Introduction to Sensors in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    51]]></page><page Index="54"><![CDATA[maker mission


                                                    Water-Powered Light Generator

                  Let’s create a Water-Powered Light Generator that uses flowing water to spin a turbine and light up a bulb.
                  Materials Required:
                     Cardboard base, glue gun            2 ice cream sticks (or wooden sticks)      DC motor, bulb

                     Bottle caps, straw                  Small water pump                           Battery
                     Switch, connecting wires            Plastic container (for water)
                  The steps to create the Water-Powered Light Generator are:



                    STEP - 1     Attach a stick vertically to the cardboard and fix the bulb to the top.

                    STEP - 2    Make a hole in a bottle cap and fit it onto the spindle of the DC
                                motor.




                                           STEP - 3    Glue the DC motor  onto  another stick and fix it  upright  on the
                                                       cardboard base.


                                           STEP - 4    Paste the bottle caps or fins around the cap attached to the DC
                                                       motor spindle to form the turbine.




                    STEP - 5    Fix the plastic container to the base and place the water pump
                                inside.

                    STEP - 6    Attach a straw to the outlet of the water pump.





                                           STEP - 7    Connect  the battery,  switch  and water pump  using  wires to
                                                       complete the electrical circuit.


                                           STEP - 8    Connect the DC motor wires to the bulb.



                                           STEP - 9    Fill the container partially with water and
                                                       turn ON the switch.


                  When the water flows from the pump through the straw, it hits the turbine and
                  makes it spin. As the turbine rotates, the DC motor converts this mechanical
                  energy into electrical energy, powering the bulb.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 52]]></page><page Index="55"><![CDATA[5







                                                                                                         Getting


                                                                                              Started with



                                                                             Arduino in Tinkercad






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Arduino
                   Advantages of Connecting Sensors with Arduino     Programming Arduino in Tinkercad
                   Smart Irrigation System                         Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System





                          Hey AIRO, what
                          is Arduino?



                                                                     Arduino is a small board that helps you
                                                                control sensors and devices in your projects.






                          So, is it like the brain of
                          the project?


                                                                        Exactly! It processes information and
                                                                   makes decisions based on what it senses.







                          Can I use Arduino
                          in Tinkercad?


                                                            Yes! Tinkercad lets you simulate Arduino circuits
                                                        and test your code. Let’s discuss this in this chapter.







                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    53]]></page><page Index="56"><![CDATA[Arduino allows you to connect sensors and control devices in your projects, but building physical
                  circuits can be challenging. With Tinkercad, you can easily simulate and test your Arduino circuits.
                  In this chapter, you’ll learn how to work with sensors, set up basic circuits and programme them
                  using Tinkercad.


                  ARDUINO

                  Arduino is a small, programmable circuit board that contains a microcontroller, essentially a tiny
                  computer. It is designed to be user-friendly, making it easy to create electronic projects. You can
                  connect it to sensors, motors, lights and other devices and then write simple programs to control
                  how these devices function.

                  Types of Arduino

                  There are several types of Arduino boards, each suited for different kinds of projects:

                      Arduino  Uno: The  Arduino  Uno is the most  popular board  for
                     beginners. It is simple to use and perfect for basic projects like blinking
                     LEDs, sounding buzzers or creating small circuits. Most students start
                     their Arduino journey with this board because it is easy to understand
                     and widely supported.

                                                           Arduino Nano: The Arduino Nano is a smaller, compact
                                                            version of the Uno. Despite its tiny size, it works in the
                                                            same  way and can fit directly  on a breadboard. This
                                                            makes it ideal for small or portable projects, helping to
                                                            create neat and compact circuits.


                     Arduino  Mega: The Arduino  Mega  is a larger  and more
                     powerful board compared to the Uno. It has extra memory
                     and more input/output pins, allowing it to connect multiple
                     sensors, motors or displays at the same time. It is often used
                     for bigger projects such as robots, home automation systems
                     or advanced electronics.


                                              Arduino  Leonardo: The Arduino  Leonardo  has a special  feature—it
                                              can act as a computer keyboard or mouse. This allows you to build
                                              devices that interact with a computer directly, such as creating custom
                                              game controllers or automated input devices.


                     Arduino LilyPad: The Arduino LilyPad is designed for wearable electronics.
                     It is round, flexible and can be sewn onto clothes. Using conductive thread
                     instead  of wires, it  is  perfect for projects  like  smart  clothing,  light-up
                     costumes or other wearable gadgets.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 54]]></page><page Index="57"><![CDATA[Arduino Due: The Arduino Due is a powerful board with a 32-
                                                    bit processor. It is suitable for advanced projects that require
                                                    high-speed processing or multiple sensors, such as sophisticated
                                                    robots, real-time data systems or automation projects.


                    Arduino Pro Mini: The Arduino Pro Mini is a small, lightweight
                    board designed for embedding into projects permanently. It is
                    ideal for compact devices where space is limited, such as small
                    robots, sensor modules or portable electronics.




                                              The Arduino Uno has 14 digital I/O pins (labelled 0-13)
                                   SMART           and 6 analog input pins (labelled A0-A5) for
                                   SPARK
                                                       connecting sensors and components.





                 ADVANTAGES OF CONNECTING SENSORS WITH ARDUINO

                 Connecting sensors to an Arduino makes a simple circuit smarter. It allows the Arduino to collect
                 data from the environment and act on it automatically. Some advantages of connecting sensors with
                 Arduino are:

                    Easy integration: Arduino supports a wide range of sensors that can be connected with simple
                    wiring.
                    Real-time  data: Sensors  provide  live  data  that  Arduino  can  process  instantly  for quick
                    responses.

                    Flexibility: Different sensors can be used for various applications like light, temperature or
                    motion detection.

                    Automation: Combining  sensors  with  Arduino  enables  the  creation  of smart,  automated
                    systems.
                    Open-source support: Arduino has a large online community and free libraries for almost
                    every sensor type.

                    Scalability: Multiple sensors can be connected to expand the system’s functions easily.
                    Educational value: Working with sensors and Arduino helps learners understand real-world
                    electronics and programming.

                    Cost-effective: Arduino boards and sensors are affordable, making them a budget-friendly
                    option for prototyping and learning about electronics and automation.

                      Ask AIRO

                      What happens if I connect a sensor to the wrong pin on Arduino?





                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    55]]></page><page Index="58"><![CDATA[PROGRAMMING ARDUINO IN TINKERCAD

                  Once you connect sensors and components in Tinkercad, the next step is to program the Arduino.
                  Programming instructs the Arduino what to do — for example, when to turn on an LED or how to
                  respond to a sensor reading.
                  Tinkercad offers three programming modes that help both beginners and advanced learners
                  code easily.

                  Blocks Mode

                  This is the easiest mode for beginners. Instead of typing code, you drag and drop colourful blocks
                  that represent different commands. Each block performs a specific task and together they form
                  a program.

                  Types of Blocks
                  The types of blocks used in blocks mode are given below:

                       Type                     Description                                 Example

                   Output         Used to send signals or display results.   Turning an LED ON or OFF.


                   Control        Used to repeat actions or make             Loops like repeat, forever or if-else
                                  decisions.                                 statements.
                   Input          Used to take readings from sensors or      Reading data from a light or
                                  buttons.                                   temperature sensor.

                   Math           Used for calculations and                  Adding, subtracting or comparing two
                                  comparisons.                               sensor values.
                   Notation       Used to display text or numbers on         Showing Light Level = 200 on the
                                  the Serial Monitor.                        screen.
                   Variables      Used to store and reuse values.            Saving a sensor reading in a variable
                                                                             called sensorValue.

                  Blocks + Text Mode

                  This mode is a mix of both visual and written programming. When building a program using
                  blocks, Tinkercad automatically generates the C++ text code on the side.

                  This helps you  learn how block  commands  translate  into  real Arduino  code.  You  can switch
                  between blocks and text freely. It is perfect for students who are ready to move from visual coding
                  to text-based coding.

                  Text Mode

                  In this mode, you write full Arduino code manually using the C++ language. It gives complete control
                  over the project and is used for advanced programming. You type commands like digitalWrite(),
                  analogRead() and delay() directly.
                  Text-based programming is used when you want more flexibility, accuracy or to create complex
                  logic that may not be possible with blocks.


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 56]]></page><page Index="59"><![CDATA[If a sensor system in a smart home collects personal data to
                                               make decisions, is it ethical to use this data for targeted
                                                      advertising without the owner's consent?



                 SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

                 A  Smart Irrigation  System automatically  waters plants  based  on soil  moisture.  Using a soil
                 moisture sensor, it detects the water content in the soil. If the soil is dry, the system turns ON
                 a water pump to irrigate the plants. If the soil is wet, the pump turns OFF. This ensures efficient
                 watering and prevents overwatering or underwatering.

                 Components Used

                 The different components used in the project are:
                    Arduino Uno: Processes input from the soil moisture sensor and controls the water pump.

                    Soil Moisture Sensor: Detects moisture levels in the soil and sends data to the Arduino.
                    Water Pump: Pumps water automatically to irrigate plants when soil is dry.

                    LEDs (Optional): Red LED indicates dry soil, Green LED indicates wet soil.
                     Resistors: Used with LEDs to  limit  current and with the water pump  circuit  to  protect
                    components and control voltage.

                    Breadboard and Jumper Wires: Used to connect all components together and to the Arduino.

                 To build the Smart Irrigation System, follow the given steps:

                   STEP - 1    Connect  the  VCC  (Power) pin of the  Soil  Moisture Sensor to  the  5V pin of the
                              Arduino.

                  STEP - 2   Connect the GND (Ground) pin of the Soil Moisture Sensor to the GND pin of the
                              Arduino.

                  STEP - 3   Connect the SIG (Signal) pin of the Soil Moisture Sensor to the A0 pin of the Arduino.

                  STEP - 4   Connect the Anode of the Red LED to Digital pin 7 of the Arduino using a red jumper
                              wire.

                  STEP - 5   Connect  the  Cathode of the  Red  LED to  GND on the  Arduino (through a  330
                              resistor).

                  STEP - 6   Connect the Anode of the Green LED to Digital pin 6 of the Arduino using a green
                              jumper wire.

                   STEP - 7   Connect the Cathode of the Green LED to GND on the Arduino (through a 330
                              resistor).

                  STEP - 8   Connect the Positive Terminal of the Water Pump (DC Motor) to Digital pin 8 using
                              a blue jumper wire.



                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    57]]></page><page Index="60"><![CDATA[STEP - 9   Connect the Negative Terminal of the Water Pump to GND on the Arduino (through
                               a resistor).
























                  Block based programming:

                   STEP - 10   Click the Code button to open the code editor.


                    STEP - 11   Click on the EDIT MODE dropdown button and select Blocks option.

                   STEP - 12   Click on the Create variable button in the Variables section and name it
                               soil_moisture.

                   STEP - 13   Drag and place the set soil_moisture to block from the Variables section into the
                               editor window.

                   STEP - 14   Drag and place the read analog  pin block from the Input section inside the set
                               soil_moisture to block and set it to pin A0.

                   STEP - 15   Drag and place the print to serial monitor block from the Output section and place
                               soil_moisture inside it to print the sensor’s value to the serial monitor.

                   STEP - 16   Drag and place the if then else block from the Control section. Place the comparison
                               block from the Math section and set it to <. Compare soil_moisture with 100.

                   STEP - 17   Inside the if (soil_moisture < 100) block, drag and place from the Output section:

                                   set pin 8 to HIGH (to turn ON the motor and water the plant).

                                   set pin 7 to HIGH (to turn ON the Red LED, indicating dry soil).


                                   set pin 6 to LOW (to turn OFF the Green LED).

                   STEP - 18   Inside the else block, drag and place from the Output section:

                                   set pin 8 to LOW (to turn OFF the motor).
                                   set pin 7 to LOW (to turn OFF the Red LED).

                                   set pin 6 to HIGH (to turn ON the Green LED, indicating wet soil).


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 58]]></page><page Index="61"><![CDATA[STEP - 19   Click on the Start Simulation button to test the Smart Irrigation System.






















                 Text based programming:

                  STEP - 20   Click on the EDIT MODE dropdown button and select Text option. The code you
                              created will be displayed here.























                 Here’s an explanation of the code you created:

                    int soil_moisture = 0: Declares a variable to store the soil moisture sensor value, initially set
                    to 0.
                    void setup(): A built-in function that runs once at the start to initialise the pin modes.

                    pinMode(A0, INPUT): Sets pin A0 as input for reading the soil moisture sensor value.
                    Serial.begin(9600): Starts serial communication at 9600 baud rate for debugging.

                    pinMode(8, OUTPUT), pinMode(7, OUTPUT), pinMode(6, OUTPUT): Sets pins 8, 7 and 6 as
                    outputs to control the pump and LEDs.
                    void loop(): Continuously runs after setup() to read sensor data and control components.

                    soil_moisture = analogRead(A0): Reads the soil moisture sensor value from pin A0.

                    Serial.println(soil_moisture): Prints the moisture level to the serial monitor for monitoring.
                    if (soil_moisture < 100): If the soil is dry, the water pump and red LED are turned on.

                    Ÿ  digitalWrite(8, HIGH): Turns ON the water pump.


                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    59]]></page><page Index="62"><![CDATA[Ÿ  digitalWrite(7, HIGH): Turns ON the red LED (dry soil indicator).

                     Ÿ  digitalWrite(6, LOW): Turns OFF the green LED (wet soil indicator).
                     else: If the soil is wet, the pump and red LED are turned off and the green LED is turned on.

                     Ÿ  digitalWrite(8, LOW): Turns OFF the water pump.
                     Ÿ  digitalWrite(7, LOW): Turns OFF the red LED.

                     Ÿ  digitalWrite(6, HIGH): Turns ON the green LED.
                     delay(10): Pauses the program for 10 milliseconds to improve stability.

                  After completing all the steps and connecting the components, your Smart Irrigation System will
                  automatically water the plants when the soil is dry and stop watering when the soil is wet.























                                                             When soil is dry
























                                                             When soil is wet
                                                         CHALLENGE CHAIN

                    If you wanted to create a fan with adjustable speed, what components would you need to control
                    the fan's speed and how would you integrate them into the system?









                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 60]]></page><page Index="63"><![CDATA[ULTRASONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

                 An Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance
                 of objects. The system emits sound waves and calculates the time it takes for the waves to reflect
                 back. If an object is detected within a certain range, a piezo buzzer sounds to alert the user.

                 Components Used
                 The different components used in the project are:

                    Arduino Uno: Processes data from the ultrasonic sensor and controls the piezo buzzer.

                    Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Measures distance by emitting sound waves and detecting
                    their reflection.
                    Piezo Buzzer: Emits a sound when an object is detected within a set distance.

                    Breadboard and Jumper Wires: Used to connect all components together and to the Arduino.
                 To build the Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System, follow the given steps:

                   STEP - 1    Connect the VCC pin of the Ultrasonic Sensor to the positive rail of the breadboard.

                  STEP - 2    Connect the TRIG pin of the Ultrasonic Sensor to pin 2 on the Arduino using a yellow
                              jumper wire.

                  STEP - 3    Connect the ECHO pin of the Ultrasonic Sensor to pin 3 on the Arduino using a
                              purple jumper wire.


                  STEP - 4   Connect the GND pin of the Ultrasonic Sensor to the negative rail of the breadboard.

                  STEP - 5   Connect the 5V pin of the Arduino to the positive rail of the breadboard using a red
                              jumper wire.

                  STEP - 6   Connect the GND pin of the Arduino to the negative rail of the breadboard using a
                              black jumper wire.

                   STEP - 7   Connect the positive leg of the Piezo Sensor to pin 4 on the Arduino and the negative
                              leg to the negative rail of the breadboard.


























                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    61]]></page><page Index="64"><![CDATA[Block based programming:

                    STEP - 8   Click the Code button to open the code editor.

                    STEP - 9   Click on the EDIT MODE dropdown button and select Blocks option.

                   STEP - 10   Click on the Create variable button in the Variables section and name it Distance.


                    STEP - 11   Drag and place the set Distance to block from the Variables section into the editor
                               window.

                   STEP - 12   Drag and place the read ultrasonic distance sensor block from the Input section
                               inside the set Distance to block and set the trigger pin to 2 and echo pin to 3.

                   STEP - 13   Drag and place the if then else block from the Control section. Place the comparison
                               block from the Math section and set it to <. Compare Distance with 60.

                   STEP - 14   Inside the if (Distance < 60) block, drag and place from the Output section:
                                   print to serial monitor block and type The object is too close!

                                   set pin 4 to HIGH (to turn ON the Piezo buzzer).

                   STEP - 15   Inside the else block, drag and place from the Output section:

                                   print to serial monitor block and type It is safe to move forward.
                                   set pin 4 to LOW (to turn OFF the Piezo buzzer).

                   STEP - 16   Click on the Start Simulation button to test the system.





























                  Text based programming:


                   STEP - 17   Click on the EDIT MODE dropdown button and select Text option. The code you
                               created will be displayed here.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 62]]></page><page Index="65"><![CDATA[Here’s an explanation of the code you created:

                    int  Distance  = 0: Declares a variable to store the calculated distance from the ultrasonic
                    sensor, initially set to 0.
                    long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin): A custom function that reads the
                    ultrasonic sensor's echo time to calculate the distance.

                    pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT): Sets the trigger pin to OUTPUT to send a pulse.
                    digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW): Clears the trigger pin to ensure a clean start.

                    delayMicroseconds(2): Waits for 2 microseconds to ensure proper timing.
                    digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH): Sends a pulse to trigger the ultrasonic sensor.

                    delayMicroseconds(10): Waits for 10 microseconds before turning off the trigger.

                    digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW): Turns off the trigger pin.
                    pinMode(echoPin, INPUT): Sets the echo pin to INPUT to listen for the reflected sound.

                    return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH): Measures the time it takes for the sound to travel back and
                    returns the pulse duration in microseconds.
                    void setup(): A built-in function that runs once at the start to initialise the serial communication
                    and pin modes.

                    Serial.begin(9600): Starts serial communication at a baud rate of 9600 for debugging.
                    pinMode(4, OUTPUT): Sets pin 4 as an output to control the Piezo buzzer.

                    void loop(): Continuously runs after setup() to measure distance and control the Piezo buzzer.
                    Distance = 0.01723 * readUltrasonicDistance(2, 3): Calculates the distance using the time it
                    took for the pulse to travel and converts it to centimeters.

                    if (Distance < 60): If the distance is less than 60 cm, the object is too close.
                    Ÿ  Serial.println("The object is too close!"): Prints a message to the serial monitor indicating
                        the object is too close.

                    Ÿ  digitalWrite(4, HIGH): Turns ON the Piezo buzzer to alert the user.


                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    63]]></page><page Index="66"><![CDATA[else: If the object is at a safe distance (greater than or equal to 60 cm).

                     Ÿ  Serial.println("It  is safe to move forward."): Prints a message  to  the serial monitor
                         indicating it is safe.
                     Ÿ  digitalWrite(4, LOW): Turns OFF the Piezo buzzer.

                     delay(10): Pauses the program for 10 milliseconds to stabilise the sensor readings and improve
                     simulation performance.
                  After completing  all  the steps  and connecting the components,  your  Ultrasonic  Distance
                  Measurement System will measure the distance to an object and activate the Piezo buzzer if the
                  object is too close.


























                                                    When distance is greater than 60 cm


























                                                      When distance is less than 60 cm


                   ECOTECH     Smart homes use motion sensors to control lighting, turning lights ON only when needed to
                   ENERGY      reduce electricity usage.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 64]]></page><page Index="67"><![CDATA[else: If the object is at a safe distance (greater than or equal to 60 cm).

    Ÿ  Serial.println("It  is safe to move forward."): Prints a message  to  the serial monitor
 indicating it is safe.  �   Arduino is a small, programmable circuit board that contains a microcontroller,
                        essentially a tiny computer.
    Ÿ  digitalWrite(4, LOW): Turns OFF the Piezo buzzer.
                    �   Arduino supports a wide range of sensors that can be connected with simple wiring.
   delay(10): Pauses the program for 10 milliseconds to stabilise the sensor readings and improve
                    �   Tinkercad offers three programming modes that help both beginners and advanced learners
 simulation performance.
                        code easily.
 After completing  all  the steps  and connecting the components,  your  Ultrasonic  Distance
                    �   Blocks Mode is the easiest option for beginners, allowing you to drag and drop colourful blocks
 Measurement System will measure the distance to an object and activate the Piezo buzzer if the   representing different commands instead of typing code.
 object is too close.
                    �   Text Mode allows you to write full Arduino code manually using the C++ language.
                    �   A Smart Irrigation System automatically waters plants based on soil moisture.

                    �   An Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the distance
                        of objects.










                                                           robo check



                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                    1.   Select the correct type of Arduino board for small projects that fit on a breadboard.
 When distance is greater than 60 cm
                                (i)  Arduino Mega                         (ii)  Arduino Uno

                               (iii)  Arduino Nano                       (iv)  Arduino Leonardo

                    2.  Which mode in Tinkercad allows you to drag and drop blocks to create a program without
                        writing code?

                                (i)  Text Mode                            (ii)  Blocks Mode

                               (iii)  Blocks + Text Mode                 (iv)  Advanced Mode

                    3.  Mark the component that controls the water pump in the Smart Irrigation System.

                                (i)  Arduino Uno                          (ii)  Soil Moisture Sensor

                               (iii)  LED                                (iv)  Resistors

 When distance is less than 60 cm     4.  Identify the type of Arduino board most suitable for advanced projects requiring extra
                        memory and more I/O pins.
 ECOTECH   Smart homes use motion sensors to control lighting, turning lights ON only when needed to
 ENERGY  reduce electricity usage.     (i)  Arduino Nano                  (ii)  Arduino Uno

                               (iii)  Arduino Mega                       (iv)  Arduino Leonardo




                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    65]]></page><page Index="68"><![CDATA[5.  Choose the correct sensor used in the Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System to measure
                         distance.

                                  (i)  Ultrasonic Sensor                    (ii)  Soil Moisture Sensor

                                (iii)  Temperature Sensor                 (iv)  Light Sensor


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.   Multiple sensors can be connected to expand the system’s functions easily.


                     2.   The Input block is used to take readings from sensors or buttons.

                     3.   Tinkercad offers four programming modes that help both beginners
                         and advanced learners code easily.

                     4.   The Math block is used to display text or numbers on the Serial Monitor.


                     5.  The Arduino LilyPad is designed for wearable electronics like smart clothing.

                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                     1.                  supports a wide range of sensors that can be connected
                         with simple wiring.                                                               Hints
                                                                                                            Text
                     2.  In the Ultrasonic Distance Measurement System, the                                Arduino
                         emits a sound when an object is detected too close.                               Sensors
                                                                                                         Piezo Buzzer
                     3.  The                 mode in Tinkercad allows you to write full Arduino           Variables
                         code manually using the C++ language.

                     4.  In Arduino programming,                    is used to store data values
                         that can be reused later in the program.

                     5.                  provide live data that Arduino can process instantly for quick responses.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Karthik is programming an Arduino to control an LED based on sensor data. Which Tinkercad
                     programming mode is best for Karthik, a beginner, to start creating the program without
                     writing code?

                  2.  Sanya is programming her Arduino to turn on an LED when the soil moisture is below a certain
                     level. Which type of block should Sanya use to perform the comparison of soil moisture?











                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 66]]></page><page Index="69"><![CDATA[Create a system that controls a DC motor (fan) based on temperature.

                 1.  Set up the temperature sensor with the Arduino.
                 2.  Connect a DC motor (fan) to the Arduino.

                 3.  Write the Arduino code to turn on the DC motor (fan) when the temperature exceeds a threshold.
                 4.  Test the circuit to ensure the DC motor (fan) activates with temperature rise.






                 Goal



                 Setup





                 Observation




















                          Master Arduino programming to pursue careers as an Arduino Developer, Embedded Systems
                          Engineer or Hardware Engineer.




























                                                                     Getting Started with Arduino in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    67]]></page><page Index="70"><![CDATA[maker mission


                                                         Laser Security System

                  Create a laser home security system that triggers an alarm (LED and buzzer) when the laser beam is
                  broken. This system uses a laser pointer and a mirror to simulate how real security systems use infrared
                  (IR) sensors to detect motion.
                  Materials Required:

                     Laser pointer, cardboard box, mirror                     9V battery, LED, buzzer
                     BC 547 transistor, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)        2.2K ohm resistor, switch, wires

                     Pencil, glue, tape, cutter
                  The steps to create the Laser Security System are:



                    STEP - 1     Take the cardboard box and set it up as the base for the
                               system.







                                                 STEP - 2    Mount the laser pointer at one corner of the cardboard and
                                                             place 3 small mirrors at the other corner of the cardboard.




                    STEP - 3    Take the 9V battery, LDR, LED, buzzer, BC 547 transistor, 2.2K
                                ohm resistor and wires.
                    STEP - 4    Connect  the components  of the  circuit  according  to  the
                                diagram provided.




                                                 STEP - 5    Paste the circuit onto the cardboard and attach a switch to
                                                             control when the laser security system is ON or OFF.


                                                 STEP - 6    Adjust the mirror so that it reflects off the mirrors and hits
                                                             the LDR.

                    STEP - 7    Turn on the switch and activate the laser. A perimeter is formed by the laser beam, which
                                creates an invisible security boundary.

                  When the laser beam is uninterrupted, the system stays inactive with the LED and buzzer off. If the beam is
                  broken, the LDR detects the light change, activating the transistor to power the LED and buzzer, triggering
                  the alarm for a security breach.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 68]]></page><page Index="71"><![CDATA[6












                                                                                        Getting Started


                                                                                       with VEXcode VR






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                    Introduction to VEXcode VR                     Exploring the VEXcode VR Interface
                   The VEX VR Robot                                Types of Blocks
                   Drivetrain Blocks                               Drawing Blocks
                   Drawing a Rectangle on the Grid Map             Hidden Pixel Art



                          AIRO, I’ve heard of VEXcode
                          VR. What’s it all about?



                                                             AVINA, VEXcode VR is a virtual platform where
                                                          you can program and control robots in a 3D world.






                          So, I don’t need any
                          real hardware?


                                                                  That’s right! You can code robots to move,
                                                             draw and solve mazes, all from your computer.







                          That sounds like fun!
                          Where do I start?


                                                                               Let's explore the interface and
                                                                              get you coding your first robot!







                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    69]]></page><page Index="72"><![CDATA[The world of robotics is no longer limited to hardware or physical components. With VEXcode
                  VR, students can now learn,  build and experiment with robots in a fully virtual environment.
                  It combines the excitement of robotics with the creativity of coding, all inside your web browser.


                  INTRODUCTION TO VEXCODE VR

                  VEXcode VR is an online coding environment that allows students to program a virtual robot
                  using block-based or text-based coding. It is part of the VEX Robotics learning platform and can
                  be accessed directly from any web browser, with no installation required.

                  The platform helps learners understand  robotics, automation  and computational  thinking  by
                  allowing them to experiment in different virtual playgrounds. From simple movement to complex
                  navigation, VEXcode VR makes programming both interactive and engaging.


                  EXPLORING THE VEXCODE VR INTERFACE

                  To start with VEXcode VR, open your web browser, type https://vr.vex.com/ or scan
                  the QR code in the address bar and press the Enter key. On the welcome screen, click
                  on the Students Get Started button to begin.
                  Let’s explore the VEXcode VR interface and its components:

                                   File menu        UNDO/REDO         OPEN PLAYGROUND             Simulation controls








                                                                 SELECT PLAYGROUND                           Monitor

                                                                                     Code Viewer
                   Blocks Category
                                                             Code




                                                                                      Workspace
                     Blocks Palette









                     Workspace: The area where you arrange and build your code by dragging blocks into the
                     program’s logic.

                      Blocks Category: Organises coding blocks into categories like Drivetrain, Events, Looks and
                     Sensing.
                      Blocks Palette: Contains all coding blocks that can be dragged into the workspace to create
                     your program.



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 70]]></page><page Index="73"><![CDATA[Code: Displays the blocks that control the robot’s actions in the simulation, with the when
                    started block appearing by default.

                    SELECT PLAYGROUND: A button to choose the virtual environment (playground) where the
                    robot performs its actions.
                    OPEN PLAYGROUND: Opens the selected playground to start the robot’s simulation.

                     Simulation Controls: Includes START, STEP and STOP buttons to control the simulation of the
                    robot.
                    Code  Viewer: Displays  the  created  code  in a  readable,  structured  format,  showing  the
                    sequence of the code.

                    Monitor: Shows the area where outputs from the code are displayed during the simulation.
                    File Menu: Manages projects with options like New, Open, Save, Save As and more.

                    UNDO/REDO: The UNDO button reverts the last action and REDO restores the undone action.


                        VISUAL VAULT
                        Identify the following components of VEXcode VR:

                        1.                                                2.


                        3.                                                4.






                 THE VEX VR ROBOT

                 The VEX VR Robot is a virtual robot that students can program within
                 the VEXcode VR platform. It performs all the actions of a real robot such
                 as moving, turning, sensing and drawing within a simulated environment
                 called a Playground.

                 VEX VR Robot Built-in Features

                 The VEX VR Robot comes with several built-in parts that help it sense, move and interact within
                 the virtual playground.


                                                                                              Built-in Gyro +
                           Pen                                                                Location Sensing





                     Electromagnet

                                  Down Eye                                                    Left Bumper Sensor

                           50 mm Diameter Wheels        Right Bumper Sensor      Front Eye + Distance Sensor




                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    71]]></page><page Index="74"><![CDATA[Pen: Allows the robot to draw lines, shapes and patterns on the playground surface when
                     programmed.

                     Electromagnet: Used to pick up or drop magnetic disks in specific playgrounds.
                     Down Eye: Detects the colour or brightness of the surface directly below the robot.

                     50 mm Diameter Wheels: Provide smooth movement and help the robot drive precisely in
                     any direction.
                     Front Eye + Distance Sensor: Detects objects ahead and measures their distance to prevent
                     collisions.

                     Built-in Gyro + Location Sensing: Tracks the robot’s direction and position on the grid for
                     accurate navigation.
                     Right Bumper Sensor: Detects contact with obstacles on the robot’s right side.

                      Left Bumper Sensor: Detects contact with obstacles on the robot’s left side.


                                                         Humanoid robots like ASIMO by Honda
                                             SMART
                                              SPARK      use gyroscopes and accelerometers to
                                                                   maintain balance.



                  TYPES OF BLOCKS

                  In VEXcode VR, blocks are the building blocks of your program. Each block controls different
                  actions or functions of the robot. Below are the main types of blocks:

                     Drivetrain blocks: These blocks control the movement of the robot. They include commands
                     for driving forward, turning or reversing, allowing the robot to navigate through the virtual
                     environment.
                     Magnet blocks: These blocks help control the robot’s magnetic sensor. They allow the robot to
                     interact with magnetic objects or detect magnetic fields within the simulation.

                     Drawing blocks: These blocks are used to control the Pen tool on the robot. You can use them
                     to make the robot draw shapes, lines or patterns on the playground surface.

                     Sensing blocks: These blocks control the sensors on the robot, such as the Eye, Distance and
                     Gyro sensors. They allow the robot to detect objects, measure distances or track its rotation.
                     Console blocks: These blocks allow you to send and display messages to the console. It’s
                     useful for debugging or showing the status of your program in the simulation.

                     Logic blocks: These blocks are used to add conditions and control the flow of your program.
                     They include commands like if, else and repeat, helping you create decision-based behaviours
                     and loops.


                                    A robot in public spaces uses cameras and sensors to assist people, but some worry
                                    about their data being collected. Should the robot's sensors be turned off in certain
                                   areas to protect privacy or should it keep collecting data for improved performance?



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 72]]></page><page Index="75"><![CDATA[DRIVETRAIN BLOCKS

                 Drivetrain blocks in VEXcode VR control the movement of a robot. They allow you to set the
                 speed and direction of the robot's motors, enabling it to drive forward, backward or turn. You can
                 customise the drivetrain using different configurations for motor ports, speed and turn radius for
                 more precise control.
                 The drivetrain blocks are given below:

                                 Blocks                                          Description

                                              Drivetrain - Actions

                                                         Moves the drivetrain continuously in the selected direction
                   drive  forward
                                                         (either forward or reverse).

                                                         Moves the drivetrain a designated distance in the chosen
                    drive  forward  for  200  mm
                                                         direction.

                                                         Rotates the drivetrain continuously to the left or right in
                   turn  right
                                                         place.

                                                         Rotates the drivetrain a specified number of degrees to
                   turn  right  for  90  degrees
                                                         the left or right in place.

                                                         Rotates the robot to a specified absolute heading using
                   turn to heading  90  degrees
                                                         the onboard gyro sensor.

                                                         Rotates  the  robot  to  a  particular  rotation  value  using
                   turn to rotation  90  degrees
                                                         internal tracking.


                   stop driving                          Instantly halts all drivetrain movement.


                                              Drivetrain - Settings

                                                         Adjusts  the  speed  (percentage)  for both  forward and
                   set drive velocity to 50  %
                                                         reverse driving.

                                                         Adjusts  the  rotational  speed  (percentage)  for turning
                   set turn velocity to  50  %
                                                         actions.

                                                         Manually  adjusts  the  robot's  directional  orientation  in
                   set drive heading to  0  degrees
                                                         degrees.

                                                         Manually adjusts  the robot's  rotational  position  in
                   set drive rotation to  0  degrees
                                                         degrees.
                                                         Sets a time limit for drive/turn commands (e.g., drive_
                   set drive timeout to  1  seconds      for,  turn_for) to  prevent  the  robot  from getting stuck
                                                         indefinitely.



                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    73]]></page><page Index="76"><![CDATA[Blocks                                          Description

                                               Drivetrain - Values
                                                          Returns True once the drivetrain has finished its current
                     drive is done?
                                                          motion otherwise, it returns False.
                                                          Returns True when the drivetrain is in motion otherwise,
                     drive is moving?
                                                          it returns False.
                                                          Displays  the drivetrain's  current absolute  heading
                    drive heading in degrees
                                                          (ranging from 0 to 359.99°).

                    drive rotation in degrees             Displays the total rotation since the program began.


                  DRAWING BLOCKS


                  In VEXcode VR, drawing blocks are used to create and control shapes on the virtual playground.
                  By combining movement and control blocks, you can program the robot to draw lines, shapes and
                  patterns. These blocks allow for precise control over the robot’s position, enabling creative designs and
                  graphical representations.
                  The drawing blocks are given below:


                                  Blocks                                          Description
                                                          This block controls the pen's position, usually in relation
                    move pen  down                        to the robot's movement. The pen can be either up (not
                                                          drawing) or down (drawing).

                                                          This block sets the pen colour to a selected value, enabling
                    set pen to color black                the robot to draw in that colour. You can choose from
                                                          options like black, red, green and blue.

                                                          This block also sets the pen's colour, with added functionality
                    set pen color
                                                          to directly adjust the colour value.
                                                          This block adjusts the pen's width (thickness), allowing you
                    set pen to width  thin                to increase or decrease the thickness of the lines the robot
                                                          draws.

                                                          This block fills a region or shape that the robot has drawn
                    fill area with color
                                                          with a chosen colour.



                  DRAWING A RECTANGLE ON THE GRID MAP

                  In VEXcode VR, you can create various shapes by programming the robot to move forward, backward
                  and turn at specific angles. To draw a rectangle, follow these steps:

                    STEP - 1   Click on the SELECT PLAYGROUND button.



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 74]]></page><page Index="77"><![CDATA[STEP - 2   Choose the Grid Map playground.























                              The selected playground will load in the workspace.

                  STEP - 3   Drag and place the set pen to color block from the Drawing category to set the pen
                              colour to blue.

                  STEP - 4   Drag and place the move pen down block from the Drawing category to start drawing.

                  STEP - 5   Drag and place a repeat block from the Logic category and set it to repeat 2 times.





















                  STEP - 6   Inside the repeat loop, drag and place the following blocks from the Drivetrain category:

                                  drive forward for block and change it to 600 mm


                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    75]]></page><page Index="78"><![CDATA[turn right for 90 degrees block
                                   drive forward for block and change it to 1600 mm

                                   Another turn right for 90 degrees block























                    STEP - 7   Click on the START button to make the robot draw a rectangle.






















                  This will draw a rectangle with short sides of 600 mm and long sides of 1600 mm.


                        Ask AIRO

                       Create a program to draw a pentagon using VEXcode VR by setting the correct distance and
                       turning angle.


                                                         CHALLENGE CHAIN
                    1.  How would you refactor the code to use a custom function for drawing one side of the rectangle?




                    2.  What changes would you make to draw a rectangle with 45-degree turns at each corner?







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 76]]></page><page Index="79"><![CDATA[HIDDEN PIXEL ART

                 Hidden Pixel Art is an activity where students program a robot to detect colours using sensors. The
                 robot moves across a virtual grid, gradually revealing a hidden design or pattern.
                 The code and output are as follows:




                    when started

                    clear all rows

                   set drive velocity to 100  %

                    set turn velocity to 100  %

                    drive  forward  for  1600  mm

                    turn  right  for  90  degrees

                    repeat  8

                      set cursor to next row

                      repeat  8

                       if   DownEye    detects green  ?  then

                         set print color  green


                         print  X
                       else

                         set print color  blue

                         print  X



                       drive  forward  for  200  mm



                      drive  reverse  for  1600  mm


                      turn  right  for  90  degrees

                      drive  forward  for  200  mm

                      turn  left  for  90  degrees



                 The explanation of the code is as follows:
                    The program begins when the when started block is triggered.



                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    77]]></page><page Index="80"><![CDATA[The robot's drive velocity is set to 100%, ensuring that it moves quickly.
                     The robot sets the turn velocity to 100%, which means it will turn at maximum speed.

                     The robot drives forward for 1600 mm and then turns right by 90 degrees to change direction.
                     The robot then enters a repeat loop, which will run 8 times.

                      Inside the loop, the robot sets the cursor to the next row, which prepares it for the next set of
                     actions.

                     Another loop repeats 8 times, where the robot checks if the DownEye detects green.
                     Ÿ   If green is detected, the robot sets the print colour to green and prints X. If green is not
                         detected, the robot sets the print colour to blue and prints X.

                     Ÿ  After this, the robot drives forward for 200 mm.
                      After each print action, the robot drives reverse for 1600 mm, turns 90 degrees right, drives
                     200 mm forward and then turns 90 degrees left. This sequence ensures the robot is ready
                     for the next loop iteration.



                   ECOTECH     Robots equipped with sensors like the Distance Sensor can detect objects ahead, preventing
                   ENERGY      collisions, which can be essential for safely navigating areas that require minimal human
                               interference, such as cleaning or waste processing zones.







                      �   VEXcode VR is an online coding environment that allows students to program
                         a virtual robot using block-based or text-based coding.

                      �   The VEX VR Robot is a virtual robot that students can program within the VEXcode VR platform.

                      �   In VEXcode VR, blocks are the building blocks of your program.
                      �   In VEXcode VR, you can create various shapes by programming the robot to move forward,
                         backward and turn at specific angles.
                      �   Hidden Pixel Art is an activity where students program a robot to detect colours using sensors.









                                                            robo check



                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                     1.   Identify  the  area  where you  arrange and  build  your  code  by  dragging  blocks  into  the
                         program’s logic.

                                  (i)  Workspace                            (ii)  Blocks category

                                (iii)  Code viewer                        (iv)  Monitor



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 78]]></page><page Index="81"><![CDATA[The robot's drive velocity is set to 100%, ensuring that it moves quickly.     2.  Which feature of robot allows it to draw lines, shapes and patterns on the playground
   The robot sets the turn velocity to 100%, which means it will turn at maximum speed.  surface when programmed?

   The robot drives forward for 1600 mm and then turns right by 90 degrees to change direction.     (i)  Electromagnet      (ii)  Pen
   The robot then enters a repeat loop, which will run 8 times.
                               (iii)  Down eye                           (iv)  Left bumper sensor
    Inside the loop, the robot sets the cursor to the next row, which prepares it for the next set of
 actions.           3.  Mark the category of blocks that allow the robot to detect objects, measure distances or
                        track its rotation.
   Another loop repeats 8 times, where the robot checks if the DownEye detects green.
    Ÿ   If green is detected, the robot sets the print colour to green and prints X. If green is not      (i)  Console blocks      (ii)  Logic blocks
 detected, the robot sets the print colour to blue and prints X.
                               (iii)  Sensing blocks                     (iv)  Drivetrain blocks
    Ÿ  After this, the robot drives forward for 200 mm.
                    4.  Spot the drivetrain block that moves the drivetrain continuously in the selected direction.
    After each print action, the robot drives reverse for 1600 mm, turns 90 degrees right, drives
 200 mm forward and then turns 90 degrees left. This sequence ensures the robot is ready      (i)  Drive forward block      (ii)  Turn right block
 for the next loop iteration.
                               (iii)  Stop driving block                 (iv)  Drive is done? Block


 ECOTECH   Robots equipped with sensors like the Distance Sensor can detect objects ahead, preventing      5.  Identify the drawing block that sets the pen colour to a selected value, enabling the robot
 ENERGY  collisions, which can be essential for safely navigating areas that require minimal human   to draw in that colour.
 interference, such as cleaning or waste processing zones.     (i)  Set pen to width []      (ii)  Fill area with color []


                               (iii)  Set pen to color []                (iv)  None of these


                 B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                    1.                  is an online coding environment that allows students to           Hints
                        program a virtual robot using block-based or text-based coding.                   Robot
                                                                                                          Blocks
                    2.  The VEX VR                   comes with several built-in parts that help it     VEXcode VR
                        sense, move and interact within the virtual playground.                          Drawing

                    3.  In VEXcode VR,                   are the building blocks of your program.        Drivetrain

                    4.                  blocks in VEXcode VR control the movement of a robot.

                    5.  In VEXcode VR,                   blocks are used to create and control shapes on the virtual
                        playground.

                 C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.   VEXcode is part of the VEX Robotics learning platform and can be

                        accessed directly from any web browser

                    2.   You cannot customise the drivetrain using different configurations for
                        motor ports, speed and turn radius.


                    3.   Electromagnet detects the colour or brightness of the surface directly
                        below the robot.



                                                                           Getting Started with VEXcode VR
                                                                                                                    79]]></page><page Index="82"><![CDATA[4.   Turn right block rotates the drivetrain continuously to the left or right in place.

                     5.   Fill area with color [] block fills a region or shape that the robot has drawn
                         with a chosen colour.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Ritika programmed her VEX VR Robot to draw a rectangle, but it only moved without leaving
                     any lines. What could she have forgotten to include in her program?

                  2.  Arjun set his robot to move forward continuously, but it collided with an obstacle. Which sensor
                     could he use to prevent such collisions in the future?










                  Design a program that makes the robot draw a zig-zag line pattern on the Art Canvas Playground.
                  1.  Use pen down block and Repeat block for drawing

                  2.  Use green colour for horizontal lines and black colour for vertical lines.





                  Goal



                  Setup






                  Observation



















                           Experts  in VEXcode  VR  may pursue careers as Robotics  Engineers, Simulation  Designers or
                           Educational Robotics Specialists.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 80]]></page><page Index="83"><![CDATA[maker mission


                                                    VEXcode VR Cardboard Robot
                 Let's bring your VEXcode VR robot to life with just cardboard and a bit of creativity.

                 Materials Required:

                     Cardboard sheets                                  Glue gun
                     Scissors or cutter (use with adult help)           Ruler and pencil

                     Black marker
                 The steps to create the VEXcode VR cardboard robot are:


                   STEP - 1    Cut several rectangular pieces of cardboard to prepare the parts
                              for your robot.


                  STEP - 2    Arrange the cut pieces neatly on the table to plan the shape of
                              your robot’s body before gluing.





                                             STEP - 3    Glue the base and body pieces together to build the main frame
                                                         of the robot.





                  STEP - 4    Cut out four circular cardboard wheels and keep them ready for
                              attaching.




                                             STEP - 5    Fix the wheels on both sides of the base using small rolled pieces
                                                         of paper as axles.


                                             STEP - 6    Attach extra small cardboard blocks on the front and sides to
                                                         represent sensors or motors.



                   STEP - 7    Make a small hole on top of the robot and insert a marker
                              through it.


                 Your Cardboard VEXcode VR Robot is ready.












                                                                                           Maker Mission
                                                                                                                    81]]></page><page Index="84"><![CDATA[7







                                                                                              Introduction



                                                                                                 to Industry


                                                                                           5.0 in Robotics






                  LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                     Introduction to Industry 5.0                   The Three Pillars of Industry 5.0
                    Role of Robots in Industry 5.0                  Real-world Examples of Industry 5.0
                    Benefits of Industry 5.0                        Challenges of Industry 5.0





                           Hey AIRO, what is
                           Industry 5.0?





                                                                 It is the next stage of industrial development
                                                                    where humans and robots work together.




                           So, it’s about teamwork
                           between people and machines?


                                                                                       Exactly! Robots support
                                                                                    humans, not replace them.







                           That sounds amazing,
                           AIRO!
                                                                     Yes! It combines technology with human
                                                                 creativity. Let’s explore how this partnership
                                                                             shapes the future in this chapter.







                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 82]]></page><page Index="85"><![CDATA[The  world of  technology is entering  a new  era where  humans and robots  work together  as
                 teammates. This exciting phase is called Industry 5.0, a revolution that combines human creativity
                 with robotic intelligence to build smarter, safer and more sustainable industries.


                 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 5.0

                 Industry 5.0 is a new phase in industrial evolution where humans and robots work together in a
                 more collaborative and personalised way. Unlike Industry 4.0, which focused on automation and
                 machines working independently, Industry 5.0 aims to combine human creativity with robotic
                 precision. This collaboration results in more customised and sustainable production.






















                 Difference Between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0

                 Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 represent two phases of industrial evolution. The key difference
                 between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 is given below:

                       Feature                     Industry 4.0                            Industry 5.0
                 Main Focus            Automation and smart machines          Collaboration between humans and
                                       working independently                  robots
                 Human                 Minimal human involvement,             Humans and robots work together
                 Involvement           machines work on their own             as a team

                 Technology Used       Automation, Internet of Things (IoT),  Human creativity combined with
                                       smart machines                         robotic precision
                 Customisation         Standardised production, less          More personalised and customised
                                       customisation                          production
                 Sustainability        Focus on efficiency, but not always    Focus on sustainable and
                                       eco-friendly                           eco-friendly production

                 Example               Robots assembling products             Humans designing custom products
                                       independently in a factory             with robots helping in production


                                                The term Industry 5.0 was first popularised by the
                                SMART
                                 SPARK      European Commission in 2021 to describe human-centred,
                                                              sustainable industry.



                                                                       Introduction to Industry 5.0 in Robotics
                                                                                                                    83]]></page><page Index="86"><![CDATA[THE THREE PILLARS OF INDUSTRY 5.0

                  Industry 5.0 is not just about new technology; it’s about changing how we think. It focuses on three
                  main superpowers that will make work and life better.













                  The three pillars of industry 5.0 are as follows:

                  Human-Centric

                  The main idea behind Human-Centric technology is to help humans with machines, not replace
                  them. Industry 5.0 focuses on creating technologies that work with people to increase safety,
                  creativity and efficiency. This allows humans to focus on tasks that need judgment, decision-making
                  and problem-solving, while robots handle repetitive or physically demanding work.
                  Examples:

                     Cobots (Collaborative  robots): These robots are designed  to  work alongside  people,  not
                     replace them. They can lift heavy objects or handle repetitive tasks, while humans focus on
                     thinking and problem-solving.

                     Exoskeletons: These are wearable suits that help people lift heavy objects or reduce fatigue,
                     making physical tasks easier.
                     AR (Augmented Reality) glasses: These glasses display digital information over the real world.

                  Sustainable

                  Sustainability in Industry 5.0 is about using resources efficiently and reducing waste. It aims to
                  create a circular economy where materials are reused and energy is saved. Technology helps
                  industries run in ways that are better for the environment.

                  Examples:
                     Smart Grids: AI helps factories use solar or wind power when it's available, storing energy for
                     later use.

                     3D Printing: This technology creates products exactly as needed, reducing material waste.
                     Recycled plastics can even be used to create new items.
                     AI for Recycling: Robots with cameras can sort recyclable materials more accurately than
                     humans, making it easier to recycle plastic, glass and metal.

                  Resilience

                  Resilience in Industry 5.0 means being able to adapt quickly to disruptions like natural disasters,
                  pandemics or problems in the supply chain. With connected systems and smart automation,
                  industries can continue working even when unexpected challenges arise.


                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 84]]></page><page Index="87"><![CDATA[Examples:
                    Smart Supply Chains: These systems can quickly respond to disruptions by rerouting supplies
                    or using local 3D printers to create missing parts.

                    Automated Response Systems: AI can analyse problems, such as machine breakdowns and
                    trigger maintenance automatically, reducing downtime.


                 ROLE OF ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY 5.0

                 In Industry 5.0, robots move beyond simple automation and become collaborators with human
                 workers. Robots take on repetitive, dangerous or complex tasks, allowing humans to focus on
                 creativity,  problem-solving and decision-making. This collaboration  leads  to  more  efficient,
                 flexible and customised production processes.

                 Key roles of robots in Industry 5.0 are:
                    Assisting in complex tasks: Robots help humans with tasks that require precision, speed or
                    strength, like assembly or welding.

                    Improving efficiency: Robots optimise production lines, reduce downtime and enhance overall
                    efficiency.
                    Enhancing Safety: Robots handle hazardous tasks, reducing the risk of injury to workers.

                    Facilitating personalisation: Robots allow for customisation of products based on individual
                    preferences, such as personalised clothing or packaging.
                    Sustainable production: Robots contribute to eco-friendly practices by minimising waste and
                    using resources more efficiently.



                 REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRY 5.0

                 Industry 5.0 is transforming various sectors through innovative human-robot collaboration. Some
                 real-world examples of Industry 5.0 are:
                    Automotive manufacturing: In automotive factories, robots work alongside human workers
                    to assemble cars. The robots handle heavy lifting and precise tasks, while humans focus on
                    quality control, design and problem-solving.

























                                                                       Introduction to Industry 5.0 in Robotics
                                                                                                                    85]]></page><page Index="88"><![CDATA[Healthcare: In surgery, robots assist doctors with delicate procedures, allowing for greater
                      precision and faster recovery times. Surgeons control the robots, ensuring safety and adapting
                      to patient needs in real-time.




















                     E-commerce: In e-commerce  warehouses,  robots  help  personalise  orders,  picking  and
                     packaging  products  based on specific  customer  preferences. This helps companies  offer
                     faster, customised deliveries.




















                     Food industry: Robots in food factories assist with tasks like sorting, packaging and cooking.
                      They work alongside human chefs to create personalised meal options for customers based
                      on dietary preferences.



















                     Retail: In retail,  robots  assist  in managing  inventory  by  autonomously  scanning  shelves,
                     checking stock levels and restocking products. Human workers focus on customer service and
                     personalised shopping experiences. This collaboration streamlines operations and enhances
                     store efficiency.



                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 86]]></page><page Index="89"><![CDATA[Agriculture: In agriculture, robots are used for planting, harvesting and monitoring crops.
                    These robots work alongside  farmers, enhancing efficiency  and precision  in large-scale
                    farming. They reduce the labour-intensive aspects of farming, while farmers focus on making
                    decisions based on crop health data and market needs.




















                    Fashion industry: In fashion,  robots  help  design  and  manufacture  customised  clothing
                    based on customer preferences. Robots cut, sew and assemble clothing with precision, while
                    human designers add creativity and personal touches to the designs, making it easier to offer
                    personalised fashion at scale.
























                      Ask AIRO

                      What happens if a robot can’t adapt to changes in customer demand?





                                                                       Introduction to Industry 5.0 in Robotics
                                                                                                                    87]]></page><page Index="90"><![CDATA[BENEFITS OF INDUSTRY 5.0

                  Industry 5.0 brings several advantages by enhancing collaboration between humans and robots.
                  Some of the key benefits include:

                     Increased efficiency: Robots optimise production processes, reducing downtime and speeding
                     up tasks. This leads to higher overall productivity.

                     Enhanced customisation: Robots can quickly adapt to produce customised products, meeting
                     individual customer preferences and needs.

                     Improved safety: Robots take on
                     dangerous  tasks,  ensuring that                        If a robot in a factory notices a human
                     human workers are protected                           struggling with a task, should it step in to
                                                                                  help or wait for instructions?
                     from hazardous  environments
                     and physical strain.

                     Sustainability: Robots help reduce waste and energy consumption, supporting eco-friendly
                     and resource-efficient manufacturing processes.

                     Better Human-robot collaboration: Robots  work alongside  humans,  complementing  their
                     skills by handling precise tasks while humans focus on decision-making and creativity.


                  CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRY 5.0

                  While Industry 5.0 offers many benefits, it also comes with several challenges:

                     Technological integration: Integrating new robotic systems with existing technologies can be
                     complex and costly, requiring substantial investment.

                     Skills gap: There is a need for workers to acquire advanced technical skills to operate and
                     collaborate with robots effectively.

                     High initial costs: The cost of adopting robotics and AI systems can be prohibitive, especially
                     for smaller businesses with limited budgets.

                     Job displacement: The rise of automation may lead to job losses in certain sectors, requiring
                     retraining or new roles for affected workers.

                     Ethical and privacy issues: As robots become more advanced, ensuring ethical behaviour
                     and protecting data privacy become critical challenges.

                     Cybersecurity  risks: Increased  connectivity  between  humans, machines  and systems
                     heightens the risk of cyberattacks, data breaches and system vulnerabilities that could disrupt
                     operations.


                   ECOTECH     Solar-powered  Delivery Drones transport  goods  while  minimising  fuel consumption  and
                   ENERGY      carbon emissions.




                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 88]]></page><page Index="91"><![CDATA[BENEFITS OF INDUSTRY 5.0

 Industry 5.0 brings several advantages by enhancing collaboration between humans and robots.   �   Industry 5.0 is a new phase in industrial evolution where humans and robots work
 Some of the key benefits include:  together in a more collaborative and personalised way.

   Increased efficiency: Robots optimise production processes, reducing downtime and speeding   �   Robots  adapt  to  produce  customised  products based  on individual  customer  preferences,
 up tasks. This leads to higher overall productivity.  enhancing flexibility in manufacturing.
                    �   In Industry 5.0, robots move beyond simple automation and become collaborators with human
   Enhanced customisation: Robots can quickly adapt to produce customised products, meeting   workers.
 individual customer preferences and needs.
                    �   Robots in food factories assist with tasks like sorting, packaging and cooking.
   Improved safety: Robots take on   �   Robots take on dangerous tasks, ensuring that human workers are protected from hazardous
 dangerous  tasks,  ensuring that   If a robot in a factory notices a human   environments and physical strain.
 human workers are protected   struggling with a task, should it step in to   �   The cost of adopting robotics and AI systems can be prohibitive, especially for smaller businesses
 help or wait for instructions?
 from hazardous  environments   with limited budgets.
 and physical strain.

   Sustainability: Robots help reduce waste and energy consumption, supporting eco-friendly
 and resource-efficient manufacturing processes.

   Better Human-robot collaboration: Robots  work alongside  humans,  complementing  their
 skills by handling precise tasks while humans focus on decision-making and creativity.
                                                           robo check

 CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRY 5.0  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

 While Industry 5.0 offers many benefits, it also comes with several challenges:     1.   Select the main focus of Industry 5.0.

   Technological integration: Integrating new robotic systems with existing technologies can be      (i)  Full automation of machines
 complex and costly, requiring substantial investment.
                                (ii)  Human-robot collaboration
   Skills gap: There is a need for workers to acquire advanced technical skills to operate and
 collaborate with robots effectively.    (iii)  Replacement of humans by robots

   High initial costs: The cost of adopting robotics and AI systems can be prohibitive, especially     (iv)  Manual labour only
 for smaller businesses with limited budgets.
                    2.  Mark the advantage of human-robot teamwork in Industry 5.0.
   Job displacement: The rise of automation may lead to job losses in certain sectors, requiring      (i)  Less customisation
 retraining or new roles for affected workers.
                                (ii)  Job displacement
   Ethical and privacy issues: As robots become more advanced, ensuring ethical behaviour
 and protecting data privacy become critical challenges.    (iii)  Increased waste

   Cybersecurity  risks: Increased  connectivity  between  humans, machines  and systems     (iv)  Better collaboration and creativity
 heightens the risk of cyberattacks, data breaches and system vulnerabilities that could disrupt
 operations.        3.  Select the technology that helps factories use solar or wind power when it's available and
                        store energy for later use.

 ECOTECH   Solar-powered  Delivery Drones transport  goods  while  minimising  fuel consumption  and      (i)  3D Printing      (ii)  AI for Recycling
 ENERGY  carbon emissions.
                               (iii)  Smart Grids                        (iv)  Exoskeletons



                                                                       Introduction to Industry 5.0 in Robotics
                                                                                                                    89]]></page><page Index="92"><![CDATA[4.  Identify the sector where robots help surgeons perform delicate operations.

                                  (i)  Agriculture                          (ii)  Healthcare

                                (iii)  Retail                             (iv)  E-commerce

                     5.  Mark the correct statement about cobots.
                                  (i)  They replace humans completely


                                 (ii)  They work independently of humans

                                (iii)  They work alongside humans to assist in tasks

                                (iv)  They cannot be reprogrammed


                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.   Robots in agriculture help in planting, harvesting and monitoring crops.

                     2.   Sustainability in Industry 5.0 means increasing waste and using more energy.


                     3.   Robots make workplaces more dangerous for humans.

                     4.  Robots can never be reprogrammed to do new tasks.

                     5.  Job displacement is one of the challenges of Industry 5.0.


                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.  Industry 5.0 combines human creativity with robotic                    .
                                                                                                           Hints
                     2.  Robots handle                   tasks, reducing the risk of injury to
                                                                                                           Privacy
                         workers.
                                                                                                           Robots
                     3.  Industry 5.0 is a phase where humans and                     work               E-commerce
                         together.                                                                        Precision
                                                                                                          Hazardous
                     4.  Robots in                 warehouses help in picking and packaging
                         products.

                     5.  Ethical and                 issues are important concerns in Industry 5.0.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.   Divya is training workers to operate new cobots in her factory, but they find it hard to use
                     advanced machines. Which challenge of Industry 5.0 does she face?

                  2.  Sneha manages an online store and uses robots to pack and sort orders quickly. This automation
                     helps her process orders faster and improve delivery efficiency. Which sector of Industry 5.0
                     is this related to?




                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 90]]></page><page Index="93"><![CDATA[CASE STUDY





                    A fashion company uses AI-powered robots to produce customised clothing for each customer.
                    Customers choose fabric, colour and size online and robots automatically cut and stitch garments
                    according to those preferences. Human designers add creative touches like patterns, embroidery
                    or finishing details. This combination of precision and creativity reduces material waste and enables
                    faster delivery. However, the high cost of installing and maintaining robotic systems can challenge
                    smaller brands and continuous software updates are required to keep robots accurate.

                  Based on the above case, answer the following questions:

                  1.  How does Industry 5.0 enable personalised production in fashion?


                  2.  What are the advantages of combining human creativity with AI robots?


                  3.  What limitations might small businesses face when using robots?









                          Experts  in Industry  5.0  Robotics  may  pursue  careers as  Robotics  Engineers,  Automation
                          Specialists or Human-Robot Interaction Designers.





































                                                                       Introduction to Industry 5.0 in Robotics
                                                                                                                    91]]></page><page Index="94"><![CDATA[SMART SCHOOL SAFETY SYSTEM

                                                                   Design a Smart School Safety System that uses
                                                                   sensors, Arduino and virtual robotics to enhance
                                                                   safety  in  the  school  environment.  The system
                                                                   should detect motion,  measure  distance  and
                           CAPSTONE PROJECT                        simulate  automated  responses  like  sounding
                                                                   alarms or alerting through lights.






                  Session 1: Exploring and Building Circuits in Tinkercad

                  Activities:

                  1.  Sensor Selection and Overview
                       Task: Research and select two sensors (from PIR, ultrasonic, photoresistor or temperature
                     sensors) suitable for a school safety setup.

                     Skills Practised:

                         Identifying sensors and their functions.
                         Understanding detection, conversion and processing stages of sensors.
                  2.  Build a Motion Detection Circuit

                       Task: In Tinkercad, connect a PIR Sensor to an LED circuit. The LED should turn on when motion
                     is detected.

                     Skills Practised:
                         Building circuits using breadboard and resistors.

                         Connecting Power, Signal and Ground pins correctly.

                         Testing simulations in Tinkercad.
                  3.  Add a Distance Alert Using Ultrasonic Sensor
                       Task: Create a second circuit using an Ultrasonic Distance Sensor and a Piezo Buzzer that
                     sounds when an object comes within 30 cm.

                     Skills Practised:

                         Setting up the trigger and echo pins of the ultrasonic sensor.
                         Using conditional logic in Arduino block coding.

                     Outcome for session 1:

                         Working simulation that lights an LED when movement is detected near the PIR sensor.
                         A distance-based alert simulation to show proximity detection.





                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 92]]></page><page Index="95"><![CDATA[Session 2: Programming and Integration with Arduino
                 Activities:

                 1.  Combining Sensors in Arduino

                      Task: Merge the PIR and Ultrasonic circuits in a single Tinkercad simulation using Arduino Uno.
                    When motion is detected and the object is within 30 cm, both LED and Buzzer should activate.
                    Skills Practised:

                        Writing Arduino block-based code using if-else and variables.
                        Combining multiple sensor inputs for real-time decisions.

                 2.  Programming in Tinkercad (Blocks + Text Mode)
                      Task: Use Blocks + Text Mode to view both visual and C++ code. Add comments explaining
                    each part of the program.

                    Skills Practised:

                        Translating block code into Arduino text code.
                        Understanding input (sensors) and output (LED/Buzzer) flow.

                    Outcome for session 2:

                         A  combined  circuit  that  provides  two  safety  indicators—LED  (motion)  and  buzzer
                        (proximity).

                        Properly annotated code demonstrating motion and distance detection.

                 Session 3: Simulating Response Using VEXcode VR

                 Activities:
                 1.  Simulate the School Safety Robot

                      Task: In VEXcode VR, program a virtual robot to patrol an area (e.g., a grid map). When it
                    detects an object (using Front Eye Sensor), it should stop and display a message “Obstacle
                    Detected – Stay Alert”.
                    Skills Practised:

                        Using sensing and drivetrain blocks.

                        Controlling motion and conditional behaviours.
                 2.  Create a Colour Alert System

                      Task: Modify the VEX robot to draw coloured zones using pen blocks, with green indicating
                    safe zones and red marking restricted zones.
                    Skills Practised:

                        Using drawing and logic blocks.

                        Representing data visually using colours.





                                                                                         Capstone Project
                                                                                                                    93]]></page><page Index="96"><![CDATA[Outcome for session 3:
                         Simulation of a school safety patrol robot reacting to obstacles.

                         Visual representation of safe and unsafe school zones on the playground grid.

                  Final Deliverables

                  Tick ( ) the box if submitted:

                      A Tinkercad simulation of a PIR Sensor Motion Detection Circuit that lights an
                     LED when motion is detected.
                      A Tinkercad simulation of an Ultrasonic Distance Alert System with a Piezo Buzzer
                     that activates when an object comes within 30 cm.

                      A combined Arduino safety circuit integrating PIR and Ultrasonic sensors to trigger
                     both LED and buzzer for alerts.

                      A Blocks + Text Mode Arduino code file with proper comments explaining motion
                     and distance detection logic.
                      A VEXcode VR simulation of a virtual robot patrolling the grid, detecting obstacles
                     with its Front Eye Sensor and displaying the alert message “Obstacle
                     Detected – Stay Alert.”

                      A VEXcode VR colour-alert program that uses pen blocks to mark green safe
                     zones and red restricted zones on the playground grid.












































                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 94]]></page><page Index="97"><![CDATA[components list



                                               It is a light-emitting diode that lights up when current flows
                                               through it, creating illumination.





                             LED

                                               It controls the flow of electricity in a circuit, preventing too
                                               much current from damaging components.
                          Resistor


                                               A battery circuits provides power to electronic components
                                               like motors, LEDs and sensors in simulations.



                           Battery

                                               It is used to connect different components on a breadboard
                                               or circuit board.





                       Jumper wires


                                               It changes its resistance based on light intensity. In Tinkercad,
                                               it controls circuits by responding to light.




                       Photoresistor


                                               It is a microcontroller  board based  on the ATmega328P,
                                               featuring  14  digital  pins,  6 analog  inputs  and  easy
                                               programming through the Arduino IDE.



                        Arduino Uno


                                               It converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, allowing
                                               objects to rotate or move.






                         DC Motor



                                                                                         Components List
                                                                                                                    95]]></page><page Index="98"><![CDATA[young innovators




                                                               Kancharla Srimahitraj

                                                               Kancharla  Srimahitraj,  born on 22nd
                                                               October 2010 in Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh,
                                                               created  a  robot  named "Shreyash  – The Caring

                                                               Bot" to assist during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
                                                               robot was designed to help in delivering essentials
                                                               and medical supplies,  reducing  human contact
                                                               and minimising the risk of infection. Srimahitraj’s
                                                               innovative  project  not only demonstrates  his
                                                               technical skills at such a young age but also reflects
                                                               his dedication to using technology for social good,
                                                               particularly in challenging times like the pandemic.
                     His work highlights the potential of robotics in improving public health and safety.



                     Saarang Sumesh

                     Kerala, made  his  first  robot  at
                     the age of 4 and by  age 7  was
                     described as “the youngest robot
                     maker in Kerala (and possibly in
                     India)”. His inventions  include  a
                     smart seat belt project (detecting

                     rollover, water/fire sensors) built
                     early in age. His early interest and
                     impressive skills in robotics have
                     made him a remarkable example
                     of how  young children can
                     engage with and master complex
                     technology. Saarang’s achievements inspire others to explore the world of robotics from a

                     young age, proving that age is no barrier to innovation and creativity.











                                 AI RoboGenius - VII
                 96]]></page></pages></Search>
