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TIME
HH:MM:SS HH.MM.SS AM/PM
13:45:22 01.25.30 PM
HH.MM AM/PM HH.MM
(12 Hour clock) (24 Hour Clock)
02.45 AM 16.30
• String Data Type: A string is a sequence of characters that include:
o alphabets A – Z and a – z.
o numbers 0 – 9.
o special characters including spaces, @, *, ?, etc.
All string data is enclosed within double quotes or single quotes. For examples:
“I hate exams”, ‘APPLE’, “Pin Code 876543”, ‘I stay at 23, Pocket Z, Chandni Chowk’.
• Categorical Data: Categorical data is a data type with two or more categories. For example, a restaurant serving
pizzas may group your orders on the type of pizza you order—chicken, onion capsicum, pepperoni, etc. In this
case, the type of pizza ordered is the categorical data. Categorical data can also take numerical values such as 0
for women and 1 for men. However, these numbers do not have any mathematical meaning. These data are called
categorical because they can be grouped according to the variables present in the certificate, such as class, gender,
departments, schoolhouse, car type, etc. The easiest way to verify if the data is categorical or numeric is to compute
the average. If you can estimate the average, it will be considered a numerical value. If you cannot calculate the
average, it is considered categorical.
Representation of Data
Large volumes of data must be presented in a manner that enables the user to interpret the important aspects of the
data with minimum time and effort. The easiest way to do this is by using graphs. Let us learn about some the graphs
in detail.
Line Graph
A line graph or chart is a pictorial display of data that changes constantly over time. It is especially used to show trends
(upwards or downwards). Let us consider the following data:
Month No. of cars sold in a year
Jan 50
Feb 30
Mar 40
Apr 35
May 20
Jun 15
Data Analysis (Computational Thinking) 245

