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Protocols

            When different devices of different hardware and software configuration communicate in a network, then, there
            has to be a common set of rules to be followed to avoid data damage and data collision. These standardised sets
            of rules that govern the transmission of data and information efficiently between different computers connected in
            an Internet are called protocols. There are different types of protocols used for different types of data transmission.
            Let us learn about some of the popular protocols.


            HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
            HTTP is the primary protocol where a client computer sends an HTTP request to the web server to establish a
            reliable connection. It takes care of data transmission in the form of files, hyperlinks, hypertext, animation, videos,
            audios etc. A web address begins with http://. Most of the browsers add http in front of the URLs as this has
            become a default protocol for data transmission in the World Wide Web. This is the reason why it is optional to
            write http in front of the web address in the address bar of the browser window.


            HTTPs (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
            HTTPs is a secured version of HTTP. It is mainly used for websites related to online buying and selling products
            and thus, require online transactions. The data is encrypted for secure communication and protection against data
            theft.


            SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
            SMTP is responsible for efficient transfer of emails from the source computer to the destination computer on the
            Internet. It also notifies the receiver about the emails received.


            FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
            FTP helps in efficient sharing and transmission of large files and folders on the Internet. If data loss occurs in the
            network due to data damage or data collision, it tries to recover maximum data and then transfers it efficiently.


            TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
            TCP is the main protocol of the Internet and is made up of two protocols:
               • TCP: It is a reliable two way method of communication for efficient data transmission on the Internet. It divides
              the information in the form of data packets on the source computer. It is then reassembled in its original format
              that can be accessed by the user on the destination computer. If any data loss occurs, then, it is automatically
              recovered by TCP.
               • IP: It is the postal service of the Internet which addresses the packet with the correct IP address. After that
              it forwards and delivers the data  packets at  the  correct  destination  by  using an  IP address of the  devices
              connected the Internet.


                       Task


                 1. What do you mean by Uniform Resource Locator?
                 2. What is Hyper text?
                 3. What do you mean by WWW?
                 4. Explain the following terms:
                      a. DNS          b. Homepage




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