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can be used (they can be displayed if fonts are available) – a simple table lookup for local language
                         equivalents for Latin (i.e. English) character strings may be done. More details on Unicode are available
                         at www.unicode.org.
                 3.   Propositional logic, Hardware  implementation, Arithmetic operations
                     (a)   Propositional logic, well-formed formulae, truth values and interpretation of well formed formulae,
                         truth tables.
                           Propositional variables; the common logical connectives ((not)(negation),  ∧ (and)(conjunction),  ∨
                         (or)(disjunction),  ⇒ (implication),  ⇔  (equivalence));  definition of a well-formed  formula (wff);
                         representation of simple word problems as wff (this can be used for motivation); the values true and
                         false; interpretation of a wff; truth  tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and valid formulae.
                     (b)   Logic and hardware, basic gates (AND, NOT, OR) and their universality, other gates (NAND, NOR, XOR,
                         XNOR), half adder, full adder.
                         Show how the logic in (a) above can be realized in hardware in the form of gates. These gates can then
                         be combined to implement the basic operations for arithmetic. Tie up with the arithmetic operations on
                         integers discussed earlier in 2 (a).
                                                              SECTION B
                 The programming element in the syllabus is aimed at algorithmic problem solving and not merely rote learning of
                 Java syntax. The Java version used should be 5.0 or later. For programming, the students can use any text editor
                 and the javac and Java programs or any other development environment: for example, BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans
                 etc. BlueJ is strongly recommended for its simplicity, ease of use and because it is very well suited for an ‘objects
                 first’ approach.
                 4.   Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java
                    Note that topics 5 to 12 should be introduced almost simultaneously along with Classes and their
                    definitions.
                 5.  Objects

                     (a)  Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour (methods or methods); object as an instance of a class.
                         Difference between object and class should be made very clear. BlueJ (www.bluej.org) and Greenfoot
                         (www.greenfoot.org) can be used for this purpose.
                     (b)  Analysis of some real-world programming examples in terms of objects and classes.
                         Use simple examples like a calculator, date, number etc. to illustrate how they can be treated as objects
                         that behave in certain well- defined ways and how the interface provides a way to access behaviour.
                         Illustrate  behaviour changes by adding  new methods, deleting old  methods or modifying  existing
                         methods.
                     (c)   Basic concept of a virtual machine; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); compilation and execution of Java
                         programs (the javac and Java programs).
                         The JVM is a machine but built as a program and not through hardware. Therefore it is called a virtual
                         machine. To run, JVM machine language programs require an interpreter. The advantage is that such
                         JVM machine language programs (.class files) are portable and can run on any machine that has the
                         Java program.
                     (d)   Compile time and run time errors; basic concept of an exception, the Exception class, try-catch, throw,
                         throws and finally.
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