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can be used (they can be displayed if fonts are available) – a simple table lookup for local language
equivalents for Latin (i.e. English) character strings may be done. More details on Unicode are available
at www.unicode.org.
3. Propositional logic, Hardware implementation, Arithmetic operations
(a) Propositional logic, well-formed formulae, truth values and interpretation of well formed formulae,
truth tables.
Propositional variables; the common logical connectives ((not)(negation), ∧ (and)(conjunction), ∨
(or)(disjunction), ⇒ (implication), ⇔ (equivalence)); definition of a well-formed formula (wff);
representation of simple word problems as wff (this can be used for motivation); the values true and
false; interpretation of a wff; truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable and valid formulae.
(b) Logic and hardware, basic gates (AND, NOT, OR) and their universality, other gates (NAND, NOR, XOR,
XNOR), half adder, full adder.
Show how the logic in (a) above can be realized in hardware in the form of gates. These gates can then
be combined to implement the basic operations for arithmetic. Tie up with the arithmetic operations on
integers discussed earlier in 2 (a).
SECTION B
The programming element in the syllabus is aimed at algorithmic problem solving and not merely rote learning of
Java syntax. The Java version used should be 5.0 or later. For programming, the students can use any text editor
and the javac and Java programs or any other development environment: for example, BlueJ, Eclipse, NetBeans
etc. BlueJ is strongly recommended for its simplicity, ease of use and because it is very well suited for an ‘objects
first’ approach.
4. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming using Java
Note that topics 5 to 12 should be introduced almost simultaneously along with Classes and their
definitions.
5. Objects
(a) Objects as data (attributes) + behaviour (methods or methods); object as an instance of a class.
Difference between object and class should be made very clear. BlueJ (www.bluej.org) and Greenfoot
(www.greenfoot.org) can be used for this purpose.
(b) Analysis of some real-world programming examples in terms of objects and classes.
Use simple examples like a calculator, date, number etc. to illustrate how they can be treated as objects
that behave in certain well- defined ways and how the interface provides a way to access behaviour.
Illustrate behaviour changes by adding new methods, deleting old methods or modifying existing
methods.
(c) Basic concept of a virtual machine; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); compilation and execution of Java
programs (the javac and Java programs).
The JVM is a machine but built as a program and not through hardware. Therefore it is called a virtual
machine. To run, JVM machine language programs require an interpreter. The advantage is that such
JVM machine language programs (.class files) are portable and can run on any machine that has the
Java program.
(d) Compile time and run time errors; basic concept of an exception, the Exception class, try-catch, throw,
throws and finally.

