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For example, if you have a formula =B2*C2 in cell D2 and then you copy and paste it to D5, the
formula in D5 will automatically adjust to =B5*C5.

The result of the formula =B2*C2 After pasting the formula in D5, the
will be displayed in cell D2. cell references adjust automatically.

ABSOLUTE CELL REFERENCE

In an absolute reference, the cell reference does not change when the formula is copied or
moved. This is indicated by adding dollar signs $ before both the column letter and the row
number (e.g., $A$1).

For example, suppose there is a class of 5 students. Each student must be given grace marks, as
specified in cell C8, which will be added to their actual marks. The value in cell C8 will remain the
same for all students, so it should be treated as an absolute reference, not a relative one.

In cell D2, you will enter the formula =C2+$C$8
This will increase Nitin’s marks (from cell C2) by 5. The same formula can then be copied to

the remaining students and Excel will automatically apply it correctly by keeping C8 fixed while
adjusting the student’s marks from column C.

MIXED CELL REFERENCE

A mixed reference is a combination of relative and absolute references. In this case, one part
(either the column or the row) is fixed, while the other part is allowed to change. The fixed part is
indicated by placing a $ sign before it, which ensures that it does not change when the formula
is copied.
For example, suppose you want to create a sheet showing the

first 5 multiples of the first 5 natural numbers. In cell B3, you can
use the formula =$A3*B$2

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