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1.2.1 Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP)
              POP is the model for beginners to learn programming. It follows a top-down approach and mainly gives emphasis
              on methods or procedures rather than data values. Procedural programming splits the programming code into
              small parts called procedures. Procedures are also known as methods that contain a series of steps or instructions
              to be carried out one after another. A programming language that breaks down a programming assignment into
              a group of variables, data structures and subprograms is called a procedure-oriented programming language.
              FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC are some examples of programming languages that follow Procedure-Oriented
              programming paradigm.
              Features of Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP) are:
              •  It follows a top-down approach.
              •  It divides the whole problem into smaller programs known as functions or methods.
              •  It gives step-by-step instructions to execute.

              Advantages of Procedure-Oriented Programming
              Following are the advantages of Procedure-Oriented Programming:
              •  There are a lot of reliable and tested algorithms.
              •  It is easy to follow the path of program flow.
              •  A smaller amount of memory is required than other types of coding.
              •  It uses functions.
              •  The coding can be executed on different types of processors.

              Disadvantages of Procedure-Oriented Programming
              Following are the disadvantages of Procedure-Oriented Programming:
              •  It has global data sharing functions. If any part of the code is changed then it is necessary to make changes in all
                 programs where that function is used.
              •  It gives more emphasis on operation rather than data, thus exposing the data to the entire source code. It reduces
                 the security of data.
              •  It is hard to correlate it with real-world objects.

              1.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
              A programming model that depends on the theory of classes and objects, and gives importance to data rather than
              functions is known as Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It splits the programming code into a number of entities,
              known as objects. It increases the ability to deal with complex software problems— particularly for developing and
              maintaining large real-life applications. Using this technique, writing source code that helps to create different objects
              from a common structure becomes easy. This common structure is usually called a blueprint or class, and the objects
              that are created are called instances.
              Object-oriented programming follows a bottom-up approach and mainly gives emphasis on data values rather than
              procedures. Java, C++, C#, and Python are some examples of object-oriented programming languages.

              Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming
              Some of the advantages of object-oriented programming are:
              •  Each and every instance has properties that are exclusively for its own and cannot be used by other instances. For
                 example, if you have a car blueprint, you can create many instances of a car with different model names, such as
                 Maruti Suzuki, Ford Figo, and Ambassador, etc. Thus, a real-world picture can be explained.
              •  It uses the concept of re-usability where coding is written once and can be used multiple times using different objects.
              •  Maintaining and modifying existing code is much easy while trying to create new objects with minor differences.
              •  Abstraction and data hiding maintains the security of data.
              •  The concept of inheritance is a good feature for avoiding data redundancy.

                1414  Touchpad Computer Applications-X
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