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In  object-oriented  programming,  polymorphism
                 is  the  feature  of  being  able  to  allot  a  different
                 meaning to a variable, a method or an object so
                 that they can have more than one form. Thus, it is
                 the ability  to use an  operator or method  in
                 different ways.
                 Polymorphism allows multiple objects of different
                 subclasses  to  be  treated  as  objects  of  a  single
                 superclass,  while  automatically  selecting  the
                 proper  methods  to  apply  to  a  particular  object
                 based on the subclass it belongs to.








                     1.5 DEFINITIONS RELATED TO THE CHAPTER
                 A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output.
                 It  allows  humans  to  communicate  with  computers  by  providing  a  means  for  writing  algorithms  and  expressing
                 computations in a format that can be executed by a computer. Programming languages come in various types, including
                 high-level languages like Python, Java, and C++, as well as low-level languages like assembly language.
                 •   Program:  program is a set of instructions or code written to perform a specific task when executed by a computer.
                    It can range from simple scripts to complex software applications designed to fulfill various functions.
                 •  Programming:  Programming  is  the  process  of  designing,  writing,  testing,  and  maintaining  code  to  create
                    instructions that computers can follow to perform specific tasks or achieve desired outcomes. It involves using
                    programming languages to communicate with computers and develop software applications.

                 •  Programmer: A programmer is a person who writes, tests, and maintains code to create software programs or
                    applications. Programmers use programming languages to instruct computers on how to perform specific tasks or
                    functions.

                 •  Encapsulation: Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming where data (attributes)
                    and methods (functions) that operate on that data are bundled together within a class. It allows for data hiding,
                    protecting the internal state of an object and only allowing access through designated methods, enhancing security
                    and modularity in software design.
                 •  Data abstraction: Data Abstraction is a concept in programming that enables the creation of complex data types
                    where only relevant information and functionalities are exposed, while implementation details are hidden. It allows
                    developers to work at higher levels of abstraction, focusing on what an object does rather than how it achieves it,
                    promoting code simplicity and reusability.

                       Note: Encapsulation and Abstraction are closely related concepts in object-oriented programming, with
                       encapsulation providing the mechanism for implementing abstraction effectively. Encapsulation hides the
                       internal complexities of an object and provides controlled access to its functionality, while abstraction
                       allows developers to define simplified views of objects based on their essential characteristics. Together,
                       encapsulation and abstraction promote modular, maintainable, and understandable software design.

                 •  Inheritance:  Inheritance  is  a  fundamental  OOP  concept  where  a  class  (subclass)  can  inherit  attributes  and
                    methods from another class (superclass). This allows for code reuse, extensibility, and the creation of hierarchical
                    relationships among classes, enabling subclasses to inherit and potentially override or extend the behaviour of
                    their parent classes.



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                                                                      Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Concepts  17
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