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01                    PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT-




                                                             ORIENTED PROGRAMMING













                          Learning Objectives




                     1.1 Types of Computer Languages                     1.2 Programming Paradigms
                     1.3 Principles of Object-Oriented Programming





                 Communication  is the medium through  which  we  can express  our ideas to others. To communicate  with
                 other people, we need a language like Hindi, English, Bengali, etc. Similarly, a programmer needs a language
                 to communicate with the computers. These are called computer languages. Computer language is an interface
                 between a computer and human beings. It is a set of words, symbols and codes that the computer can understand.
                 It is used to write a computer program.


                     1.1 TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES
                 There are a number of computer languages worldwide. They are classified into three major
                 categories:
                 1.  Machine Language
                 2.  Assembly Language
                 3.  High-Level Language

                 1.1.1 Machine Language (1 GL)
                 It is a low-level language that consists of binary digits, i.e., zeros and ones (0s and 1s). These binary digits are
                 grouped into sequences of bits, typically in sets of 8 bits (one byte). Machine code is the form of binary instructions
                 directly understood by a computer's hardware. All types of data, such as text, graphics, and audio, are converted
                 into binary format. Unlike higher-level languages, machine language is machine-dependent and does not require
                 compilers or interpreters. So, first generation language is machine-dependent language.

                 For example, Character 'a' is represented as 01100001, Character 'b' is represented as 01100010, etc. So, to
                 write a full name, we have to combine the binary formats of all the characters together. This becomes difficult to
                 remember.


                       Note: A group of 8 bits represents a character.



                                                                          Principles of Object-Oriented Programming  13
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