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01 PRINCIPLES OF OBJECT-
ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Learning Objectives
1.1 Types of Computer Languages 1.2 Programming Paradigms
1.3 Principles of Object-Oriented Programming
Communication is the medium through which we can express our ideas to others. To communicate with
other people, we need a language like Hindi, English, Bengali, etc. Similarly, a programmer needs a language
to communicate with the computers. These are called computer languages. Computer language is an interface
between a computer and human beings. It is a set of words, symbols and codes that the computer can understand.
It is used to write a computer program.
1.1 TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES
There are a number of computer languages worldwide. They are classified into three major
categories:
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. High-Level Language
1.1.1 Machine Language (1 GL)
It is a low-level language that consists of binary digits, i.e., zeros and ones (0s and 1s). These binary digits are
grouped into sequences of bits, typically in sets of 8 bits (one byte). Machine code is the form of binary instructions
directly understood by a computer's hardware. All types of data, such as text, graphics, and audio, are converted
into binary format. Unlike higher-level languages, machine language is machine-dependent and does not require
compilers or interpreters. So, first generation language is machine-dependent language.
For example, Character 'a' is represented as 01100001, Character 'b' is represented as 01100010, etc. So, to
write a full name, we have to combine the binary formats of all the characters together. This becomes difficult to
remember.
Note: A group of 8 bits represents a character.
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming 13

