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2. Musical work such as lyrics, tunes, etc.
3. Literary and artistic works such as a books, paintings, etc.
11.1.1 Intellectual Property Rights
Creating something original often requires significant effort and dedication. To protect these creations, certain legal
rights, known as intellectual property rights, are in place. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are legal protections
granted to individuals or organisations for their creations or inventions. These rights safeguard the original work of
creators from misuse and unauthorised access. There are four types of intellectual property rights:
Intellectual Property Rights
Patents Trademarks Copyrights Trade Secrets
1. Patents: This grants the owner or innovator the exclusive right to produce, use, or sell the invention, typically
for up to 20 years from the filing date, depending on jurisdiction.
2. Trademarks: Trademarks are visuals such as symbols, designs or written matter such as words or phrases or
even sound that identifies or separates the items or services of one company from another company. Those
visuals or written matter cannot be used by any other company. Trademarks are typically valid for 10 years and
can be renewed indefinitely for additional 10-years period.
3. Copyright: Copyright is used for protecting different literary works, such as different codes of computer
programs, databases, novels, poems, musical compositions, etc. Due to this law, the works of authors and
musicians last for further seventy years with the author, after their death.
Copyright is very helpful in preventing piracy and distribution of content without permission.
4. Trade Secrets: Trade secrets refers to the rights associated with confidential information. This information may
be sold or licensed. However, not every secret is confidential enough to be a trade secret. To qualify as a trade
secret, the information:
a. should have some sort of monetary value
b. should be known to a limited number of people
c. should be reasonably well secured using confidentiality agreements for the people who have access to
the information.
11.2 PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL’S RIGHT TO PRIVACY
The word "privacy" means being free of any public attention. In other words, that person has all the right to keep
his or her decisions or actions free of any public attention or influence.
11.2.1 Data Privacy
Data Privacy refers to the proper handling, processing, storage, and protection of sensitive data, including
personal, financial, and intellectual property information. It focuses on ensuring that individuals' data is
collected and used in compliance with privacy laws, and that unauthorised access or misuse of such data is
prevented. These days, information technology has developed so much that we can now do almost anything
from the comfort of our homes. For example, we can shop or sell items through e-commerce platforms. Online
classrooms have become the current trend these days. While surfing the Internet, one must be very careful
about various activities that break the privacy laws. Some of these acts are:
1. Accessing the personal details of some other person such as passwords, etc.
2. Stealing the financial information of others
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