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12.2.6 Membership Operator
Membership operators are used to test whether a particular value is a part of a sequence such as a list, tuple, string
or set. They help determine the presence or absence of an element within a collection. The result of a membership
operation is always True or False.
Python provides two membership operators:

Operator Description
in Evaluates to True if the specified element is found in the sequence.
not in Evaluates to True if the specified element is not found in the sequence.

Program 9: To demonstrate the use of Membership operators.
Program 9.py

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# Assigning a list to variable numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Checking if 3 is present in the list
print("3 in numbers:", 3 in numbers)

# Checking if 6 is not present in the list
print("6 not in numbers:", 6 not in numbers)

# Assigning a string to variable text
text = "Python"

# Checking if character ‘P’ is in the string
print("’P’ in text:", ‘P’ in text)

# Checking if character ‘z’ is not in the string
print("’z’ not in text:", ‘z’ not in text)

Output
3 in numbers: True
6 not in numbers: True
‘P’ in text: True
‘z’ not in text: True

12.2.7 Bitwise Operator
Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits of integer numbers. These operators first convert
numbers into their binary (0 and 1) form and then perform the required operation bit by bit. The result of a bitwise
operation is an integer value.

Bitwise operators are mainly used in low-level programming, data manipulation and situations where direct control
over bits is required.

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