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Some of the good ethical practices are as follows:
• Practice 1: Unless software is authentic, we should not use it.
• Practice 2: Using a computer, we should not interfere with others’ computer work.

• Practice 3: Using a computer, we should not harm other people by uploading anything bad about them on social
media.
• Practice 4: We should not access other people’s personal data.
• Practice 5: We should not claim others’ intellectual properties.

• Practice 6: Honour and respect the fellow person with whom we are communicating using email and other social
media.
• Practice 7: We should confirm before sharing any information on social media.

13.8 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual Property refers to the ideas and innovations that are the creation of an individual mind or a group of minds.

Some examples of intellectual property are as follows:
i. Scientific Inventions
ii. Musical Works
iii. Literary and Artistic Works

13.8.1 Intellectual Property Rights
To protect these creations, there are some legal rights. These legal rights protect the original works from different
types of misuse such as unauthorised access and piracy.

There are three types of intellectual property rights:
• Patents: This intellectual property right gives the owner of an invention the exclusive right
to make use or sell the invention for up to 20 years from the filing date. During this period
others cannot manufacture or use the invention without permission.

• Trademarks: Trademarks are symbols, designs, words, phrases or sounds that uniquely identify
the goods or services of a company. They help distinguish a company’s products or services
from those of others. A trademark is usually valid for 10 years and can be renewed repeatedly if
the owner continues to renew the registration.

• Copyright: Copyright is used for protecting different literary works such as different codes of
computer programs, databases, novels, poems, musical compositions, etc. Due to this law, the
work of the authors and musicians last for at least seventy years with the author, even he/she dies.
The copyrights prevent against:
• People making illegal copies.
• Distributing the copy or even uploading on the Internet without the permission of the owner.

13.8.2 Software as Intellectual Property
Software is considered intellectual property because it involves creativity, innovation and originality. Just like a book or
a painting, software is a creation of the mind. Protecting it under intellectual property laws ensures the creator’s rights
to the software and prevents others from using it without permission.

534 Touchpad Computer Science (Ver. 3.0)-XI