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Assembly Language
An assembly language is the beginning step to improve programming languages, as it makes programming language
more readable by the programmers. It is made up of symbols and letters, which are translated into machine language
iNtroductioN to object-orieNted by a translator. It is called the second-generation language. It uses terms like MOVE, ADD, etc. to write the code. It is
still used in operating systems and programming of electronic devices. But the disadvantage is that it is still difficult to

ProgrammiNg uSiNg java understand and the programming code becomes large.
4.1.2 High-Level Languages (HLL)
High-level languages are programming languages that use English letters or words and Mathematical symbols like +, -,
*, etc. in their instructions. They are further divided into two types, which are as follows:
• Procedure-Oriented Programming Languages
• Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Procedure-Oriented Programming (POP) Languages
Global Data
Procedure-oriented programming languages are the Main Function()
model for programmers. In POP languages, more emphasis Local Data
is given to functions rather than data values. Here, the
data values flow freely between different functions as per
the instructions given in the program code. Function A() Function B() Function C()
Local Data Local Data Local Data
Some of the examples of POP languages are COBOL,
BASIC, etc. Function D() Function E()
Local Data Local Data
Characteristics of POP Languages
Some of the characteristics of procedure-oriented programming language are as follows:
• Emphasis is given on procedure rather than data.
• Functions are the sub-programs that are the parts of the larger programs.
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Functions transfer data from one function to another.
• It employs a top-down approach in the program design.

Drawbacks of POP Languages
Some of the drawbacks of procedure-oriented programming language are as follows:
• Data is exposed to the whole program which makes the security of the program under pressure.
• Reusability of code is not allowed.
• It is impossible to relate to real-life objects.
• It is difficult to create a new data type.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Languages
There is another way of programming using the OOP languages. Object 1
These languages were developed to increase the productivity of Rajesh Singh
the programs. These languages do not allow data to flow freely Employee Data Analyst
from function to function. Here, an object is created and the Name of Employee
data of an object can be accessed only by the function associated Designation of
with that object, as shown in the image. However, one function Employee Object 2
within an object can access the function of another object. It Amar Das
is a modular approach and permits data to be used within a Manager
specified programming area.
Some of the examples of object-oriented programming languages are Java, C++, C#, Python, etc.

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Using Java 95