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7. A line is the connection between two locations in space. Lines, whether horizontal, diagonal, or vertical, can
help direct the attention to a certain place in your composition. They can also be used to define sections or
visual aspects of your layout.
8. Culture is a crucial component that can influence communication, especially when people from various
cultural origins communicate with one another. For example, showing a thumb may imply ‘excellent job’ to
some but may be offensive to others.
9. Contrast is utilised in conjunction with alignment and balance to make your design stand out. Combining
contrasting design components such as colours or different types of typography aids in the fusion of multiple
styles and moods to create an original, distinct product.
10. Hierarchy of information is the order of relevance of information in a publication. Aspects to be considered:
typography, colour contrast, weight, grouping and proximity.
V. 1. (a) Message: During an interactive communication process, the message is the information that is sent and
received. Every communication model requires a message.
(b) Channel: A channel is the medium of communication through which both sources transmit messages. It
is an important aspect of delivering a sender’s message. In-person talks, phone calls, and text messages
are examples of channels.
(c) Text: In layout design, text blocks comprise headlines, subheadings, headers, footers, and paragraphs.
Text will also incorporate menus and buttons in web design.
2. Factors which affect communication are:
• Prejudices: Stereotypical assumptions or fixed attitudes, such as “No one in my class listens to me,” may
prevent a student from openly communicating in class.
• Environment: Noise or disruption in the environment might make conversation harder.
• Personal factors: Communication may be challenging due to your own sentiments, habits, and ways of
thinking (for example, fear, poor confidence).
3. • The design should match with the content and audience
• Use templates to create great and balanced designs
• Use visual contrast to catch your audience’s attention
• Use typography as per your brand’s image
• Use white space to create a minimalistic view

• Experiment with the design principles and rules
4. There are three types of layouts: Text Dominant, Image Dominant, Image and Text.
• Text Dominant: If there is too much or too large text, it will have to be text dominated. However, from a
layout standpoint, the headline could be utilised in large display fonts, taking up more space to make it
stand out.
• Image Dominant: These layouts are frequently found in our newspapers and magazines, where a photo
of a celebrity takes centre stage or a product is exhibited in all its grandeur, as in most automotive
commercials.
• Image and Text: In these layouts, image and text are incorporated in equal measure and are given equal
prominence.

5. Different typefaces communicate different emotions: serif fonts may inspire tradition and elegance, while
sans-serif fonts are considered as modern and clean. The size and arrangement of text can direct the reader’s
attention by emphasising crucial topics or directing the eye all over a layout.
VI. 1. Principles used: Alignment, Typography, Hierarchy of Information.
2. (i) A (ii) C

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