Page 324 - IT 402 v2.0 class 10
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Section
Su ecti e T e uestions
ns er t e follo ing uestions:
1. Categorise the following commands as DDL, DML, DCL and TCL:
CREATE, SELECT, REVOKE, ALTER, COMMENT, TRUNCATE, DELETE, UPDATE, SAVEPOINT, GRANT, INSERT INTO,
SETTRANSACTION, RENAME, DROP, COMMIT, ROLLBACK
Ans.
DDL DML DCL TCL
CREATE SELECT GRANT COMMIT
ALTER UPDATE COMMENT ROLLBACK
TRUNCATE INSERT REVOKE SAVEPOINT
RENAME INTO SETTRANSACTION
DROP DELETE
2. Write short notes on:
i. DDL ii. DCL
iii. DML iv. TCL
ns. i. ata efinition anguage or ata escription anguage is a standard for commands that define the different
structures in a database. These statements Create, Modify and Remove database objects such as tables and
indexes. Some common DDL statements are CREATE, ALTER, RENAME, and DROP.
ii. Data Control Language command is related to security issues. It is used to control a user’s access to a database.
Some common DCL commands are GRANT, COMMENT, REVOKE.
iii. Data manipulation language enables users to retrieve, update, insert, and delete data in a database. Common
DML statements are SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT INTO, AND DELETE.
iv. ransaction ontrol anguage is used to manage transactions by tracking other commands and their effects on
the database. It can also rollback the changes made by other commands. Some common TCL commands are
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
3. Name a popular data manipulation language.
ns. S Structured uery anguage .
4. What are operators?
ns. he symbols or specific characters that are used to perform arithmetical operations comparisons etc. are called
‘Operators’. There are three types of operators in SQL:
rit metical erators: he operators like - etc. which are used to add subtract multiply divide etc.
om arison erators: he operators like . etc which are used to compare values in an expression.
ogical erators: hese are operators e.g. ll nd ny etween Not Or etc. which are used for performing
various actions in the database such as searching for mid value, a particular data, and combining multiple
conditions in a database.
5. List the name of 4 Logical operators.
Ans. Four Logical operators are:
ALL – It is used to compare a value to all values in another value set.
AND – It allows the existence of multiple conditions in SQL statement.
ANY – It compares the values in a list according to the given conditions.
NOT – It reverses the meaning of any logical operator with which it is used.
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