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Protocols

            In networking, protocol is a standardiSed way of doing certain actions and formatting data so that two or
            more devices are able to communicate and understand each other.
             rotocols used:

              For sending packets between devices on the same network:  thernet
              For breaking data into packet datagram:

              For sending packets from network to network: I
              For ensuring order-wise arrival re-assembling of packets:
              For formatting data for websites and applications:

            In addition to these foundational protocols, there are also protocols for routing, testing, and encryption.
                   Do you know?



                    he term   acket  was first coined by  onald  avies in    5.  acket is also known as datagram.


            Physical Infrastructure for Data Transfer over Internet

             ifferent kinds of hardware infrastructure are used to make the Internet work for everyone. Some of the
            important hardware are:
              Routers: It forward packets to different computer networks based on their destination.  outers are like the
              tra c cops of the Internet  making sure that Internet tra c goes to the right networks.
              Switches: It connect devices that share a single network.  hey use packet switching to forward packets to
              the correct devices. They also receive outbound packets from those devices and pass them along to the
              right destination.


            Internet Protocols for Data Transfer over Internet
             he Internet  rotocol  I   is a protocol or set of rules for routing and addressing packets of data so that they
            can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.
            Once  the  packets  arrive  at  their  destination   they  are  handled  differently  depending  on  which  transport
            protocol is used in combination with IP. The most common transport protocols are TCP and UDP.


            TCP/IP
             s the name implies      I  is a combination of two separate protocols:       ransmission  ontrol  rotocol
            and I   Internet  rotocol .     I  is a set of rules protocols governing communication among all computers
            on the Internet.
            The Internet Protocol standard dictates the logistics of packets sent out over networks; it tells packet where
            to go and how to get there. IP allows any computer on the Internet to forward a packet to another computer
            that’s one or more intervals closer to the packet’s recipient.

            TCP is designed for reliability, not speed. Because TCP has to make sure all packets arrive in order, loading
            data via TCP/IP can take longer if some packets are missing. Missing packets will be sent again if receipt is
            not acknowledged.






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