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Processing is the manipulation of data. It includes calculation, comparison, decision making, etc. Processing is
performed with the help of predefined instructions called ‘Programs’. It is done inside the CPU which is also known as
the ‘Brain of the Computer’. The CPU constitutes of hardware component and the functional component.
1.1.1 Data
Data is a collection of raw facts and figures, that is processed to produce meaningful information. For Example, A
student’s Name, Class, Roll No. and the marks in the different subject is Data, the calculation command given for
percentage is the Process, the result that we get is the Output and the all the processed data which adds some
meaning is termed as Information.
Marks of Student in
different Subjects
DATA
Students Performance Average Marks
Report Card of Students
Information Process
Result
Output
1.2 DataBase
A database is an assembled group of data that enables easy and efficient storage, access, modification, and retrieval of
data, regardless of the amount of data being manipulated. It is a logically coherent, organised collection of related data.
Related data refers to the collection of data, which is stored based on the same context. For example, a student database
contains similar data for all students and every student’s entry contains a similar type of information. A database not only
stores information but the information is integrated so that the users can get something useful out of it.
1.2.1 Database Management System
A database management system is a software package that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database.
It lets organisations to develop databases for various applications according to their needs.
The organised information (database) serves as a base from which the desired or multiple information can be retrieved
by further reorganizing or processing the same data.
Now-a-days, organisations are realising the importance and need for proper storage and manipulation of data as they
feel that relevant information on time is the key of good decision-making, and good decision-making is the key to
success for any organization.
With the growth in technology, manual work in many fields are being replaced by the tools of I.T. or computers.
In the initial stages, the application of computers in normal situations focused on clerical tasks such as order/entry
processing, letter drafting, work scheduling, etc. Such applications used the data which was stored in computer files
or which was fed by the user. With the passage of time, requests for numerous and different types of information
increased, like how many items were sold, by whom, to whom, the current status of accounts, etc.
Consequently, the organisations have sought solutions in managing the data resource primarily through the Database
Management Systems (DBMS). DBMS manages a database or a collection of databases or database files in an automated way.
DBMS refers to a package that enables the users to store, modify and properly maintain the database and that helps
to extract useful information from the database as and when required.
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