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5.3.4 Reducing Waste and Pollution

            Rather  than  merely  thinking  about  ways  to  recycle  and
            repurpose  waste,  we  should  seek  solutions  to  reduce
            the amount of waste produced. This will help with waste
            management.
            In manufacturing plants and factories, managers try to find
            various ways to reduce the amount of waste produced at
            every step of the process. Here are some of the ways.

            Ð ÐReusing  scrap  material:  For  example,  in  paper  mills,
              damaged rolls are sent back to the beginning of the production line, i.e., they are added as raw material. In the
              manufacture of plastic items, off-cuts and scraps are incorporated into new products.
            Ð ÐEnsuring quality control: If the quality of products is maintained, there will be a decrease in rejected products, thus
              reducing waste. Automated monitoring equipment is now being used, which can help identify production problems
              at an early stage.

            Ð ÐWaste exchange: This is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw material for another. It represents
              one way of reducing waste disposal through re-use.

            Ð ÐManaging e-waste: With advanced technology, we have also encountered problems in managing e-waste like old
              mobile phones, laptops, and television sets. It is important to have sustainable development and to plan judiciously
              for the recycling of e-waste.

            Ð ÐUse  of  eco-friendly  materials:  Scientists  have  discovered  various  materials  that  are  eco-friendly,  for  example,
              banana leaves and paper plates that are easily disposable, etc. These must be made easily available and their usage
              needs to be encouraged.

            5.3.5 Protecting and Restoring the Ecosystem

            An ecosystem is a group of living and non-living things that coexist,
            interact, and support one another. Every species can thrive because
            of the ideal equilibrium. Human activities, such as excessive tree
            cutting, can damage the ecosystem, resulting in climate change
            and natural disasters that make it difficult for life to survive.
            People are currently attempting to preserve the existing ecosystems
            and restore the damaged ones with natural remedies. Forests as
            well as other vegetation stabilise slopes, reducing the possibility
            of landslides. Wetlands can help control floods. The emission of
            greenhouse gases can be reduced by avoiding forest clear-cutting, growing more trees, and making investments in
            healthy soil and soil restoration.

            5.3.6 Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change

            Based on the harm that has already been done, climate change will occur. Despite efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
            emissions, global warming will still occur as a result of the harm caused by the removal of trees and the use of land
            for agriculture, among other things. We must, therefore, adjust to these changes. This means that we must devise
            strategies for surviving in the altered climate. For instance, farmers will need to cultivate crops that can survive in
            drought conditions if there is a forecast for less rain.


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