Page 160 - IT-802_class_12
P. 160

Processing  is  the  manipulation  of  data.  It  includes  calculation,  comparison,  decision  making,  etc.  Processing  is
        performed with the help of predefined instructions called ‘Programs’. It is done inside the CPU which is also known as
        the ‘Brain of the Computer’. The CPU constitutes of hardware component and the functional component.

        1.1.1 Data

        Data is a collection of raw facts and figures, that is processed to produce meaningful information. For Example, A
        student’s Name, Class, Roll No. and the marks in the different subject is Data, the calculation command given for
        percentage is the Process, the result that we get is the Output and the all the processed data which adds some
        meaning is termed as Information.
                                                    Marks of Student in
                                                     different Subjects
                                                          DATA

                                     Students Performance            Average Marks
                                          Report Card                 of Students
                                          Information                   Process




                                                          Result
                                                         Output


          1.2 DataBase

        A database is an assembled group of data that enables easy and efficient storage, access, modification, and retrieval of
        data, regardless of the amount of data being manipulated. It is a logically coherent, organised collection of related data.
        Related data refers to the collection of data, which is stored based on the same context. For example, a student database
        contains similar data for all students and every student’s entry contains a similar type of information. A database not only
        stores information but the information is integrated so that the users can get something useful out of it.

        1.2.1 Database Management System

        A database management system is a software package that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database.
        It lets organisations to develop databases for various applications according to their needs.
        The organised information (database) serves as a base from which the desired or multiple information can be retrieved
        by further reorganizing or processing the same data.
        Now-a-days, organisations are realising the importance and need for proper storage and manipulation of data as they
        feel that relevant information on time is the key of good decision-making, and good decision-making is the key to
        success for any organization.
        With the growth in technology, manual work in many fields are being replaced by the tools of I.T. or computers.
        In the initial stages, the application of computers in normal situations focused on clerical tasks such as order/entry
        processing, letter drafting, work scheduling, etc. Such applications used the data which was stored in computer files
        or which was fed by the user. With the passage of time, requests for numerous and different types of information
        increased, like how many items were sold, by whom, to whom, the current status of accounts, etc.
        Consequently,  the  organisations  have  sought  solutions  in  managing  the  data  resource  primarily  through  the  Database
        Management Systems (DBMS). DBMS manages a database or a collection of databases or database files in an automated way.

        DBMS refers to a package that enables the users to store, modify and properly maintain the database and that helps
        to extract useful information from the database as and when required.

          158   Touchpad Information Technology-XII
   155   156   157   158   159   160   161   162   163   164   165