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1.4 pArts of speecH

            Part of speech is the classification of words within a sentence based on their functions. They are the foundations of a
            language.
            When we speak or write, we use sentences to express ourselves. Therefore, sentences are important. A ‘sentence’ is
            a group of words that communicate a complete meaning, thought, or action. For example, Mohit studies in Class XI.
            A group of words, which does not make complete sense, is known as a phrase. For example, Mohit studies.
            A Sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Read
            aloud the examples given below.

            Ð ÐHow many questions did you answer?
            Ð ÐMeena goes to school every day.
            Ð ÐWow!! That’s brilliant!

            1.4.1 Using Capitals
            All sentences begin with a capital letter, always. It is easy to know what to capitalise if you remember the acronym
            MINTS. MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refers to
            one capitalisation rule.


               Alphabet         M               I                 N                    T                  S

                             Months             I               Names                Titles        Starting letter of
                                                                                                     sentences

              Rule        Capitalise  the  Capitalise   the  Capitalise  the  first  Capitalise  the  first  Capitalise the first
                          first  letter  in  letter  ‘I’  when  letter  in  the  names  letter  in  the  titles  letter  of  every
                          the names of all  used  as  a  word  of  people,  places,  used before people’s  sentence.
                          months.        in any sentence.  rivers,  seas,  oceans,  names.
                                                          mountains,  islands,
                                                          and days.


              Example     Mona  will  visit  Every day, I play  This Sunday, Nirmala  Doctor Sanjay and   The  cat  ran  after
                          Dehradun    in  cricket  with  my  will be in Mizoram.  Ms. Pallav are   the mouse.
                          November.      brother.                             associates.


            1.4.2 Punctuation

            There are 15 basic punctuation marks or signs used in English. These include full stop or period, comma, question
            mark, exclamation mark, apostrophe, colon, semicolon, dash, hyphen, parenthesis, quotation mark, and bullet point.

               Punctuation marks   Sign                    Use                                Example
                                         It marks the end of a sentence. It is also used   This is a sentence. This is another
                                         to  show  abbreviations  of  long  words.  For   sentence.
              Full stop              .
                                         example,  ‘professor’  can  be  shortened  as  Sanjay is a professor.
                                         ‘Prof.’, when used as a title before a name.  His patients call him Prof. Sanjay.








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