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Physical Barrier: It occurs due to environmental and natural conditions. The communication becomes less   Remembering the acronym ‘MINTS’ can guide you on capitalisation rules. Each letter, in ‘MINTS’ signifies a
 effective because the sender and the receiver are not able to see each other. For example, text messages   rule for capitalising words.
 are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
                 Punctuation
   Perceptual Barrier: Messages are interpreted according to viewpoint and past experience of receiver. This can
 create misunderstanding as the viewpoint of the sender might be different from that of the receiver.  Punctuation  plays  an  important  role  in  written  communication.  It  helps  to  convey  meaning,  structure
                 sentences, and clarify the relationships between words and phrases. Without punctuation, written text can be
   Mechanical Barrier: This type of barrier is caused by the channel or medium itself. Channel becomes the
 barrier when it is interfered by some disturbances which prevent some of the elements of the message to   confusing and difficult to understand.
 reach their destination. For example, sometimes the voice of a person on a phone call breaks down due to   There are several types of punctuation marks, each serving a specific purpose. For example:
 network problem. Here the channel is the barrier itself.    Period (.) indicates the end of a sentence.

   Gender Barrier: Style of communication between men and women has generated barriers. The speech     Comma  (,)  separates  items  in  a  list,  join  independent  clauses  in  a  compound  sentence,  and  set  off
 patterns and gender stereotypes cause gender barriers.
                   introductory elements.
   Emotional Barrier: Emotions like fear, anger, or happiness can create  misunderstanding. It could be due     Question mark (?) indicates a question.
 to childhood instances that hold people from expressing their views.
                    Exclamation mark (!) denotes strong emotions or exclamatory statements.
   Attitudinal Barrier: Behaviour patterns like doubting, nagging habits, or withdrawal that distance people
                    Colon (:) introduces lists, explanations, or quotations.
 from one another cause barriers. They all interfere in effective communication.
                    Semicolon (;) connects closely related independent clauses.
 Measures to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication    Apostrophe (‘) shows possession or contraction.
 Following are some of the measures to overcome barriers to effective communication:  Proper use of punctuation is crucial for effective communication. It helps readers understand the intended
   Use straightforward language.  meaning, tone, and structure of written text. Therefore, mastering punctuation rules is essential for anyone

   Avoid making assumptions based on culture, religion, or geography.  looking to improve their writing skills.
   Communicate in person whenever possible.
                 Basic Parts of Speech
   Utilise visual aids.
                 Basic parts of speech are categories that describe the function of words in a sentence. They help us understand
   Seek the assistance of a translator to bridge language gaps.
                 how words interact with each other to convey meaning. There are five primary parts of speech in English:
   Respect others’ opinions.
                    Nouns: Words that name people, places, things, or ideas. For examples, cat, city, book, happiness, etc.
 SESSION  6  Writing Skills—Parts of Speech    Pronouns: Words that replace nouns to avoid repetition are called pronouns. For example, he, she, it, they,
                   someone, etc.
 Writing skills are crucial for clear communication and expressing ideas effectively. They enhance professionalism
                    Verbs:  Words  that  express  actions,  states,  or  occurrences  are  called  verbs.  For  example,  run,  is,  think,
 and support academic and career success.
                   become, etc.
 WRITING SKILLS     Adjective: An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun. It usually answers the
                   question of which one, what kind, or how many. For example, The young girl brought me a very long
 Writing skills are a part of verbal communication and encompass emails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat, blogs,   letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.
 and more. In all these types of written communication,   M.I.N.T.S.
 sentences are used to convey our thoughts and ideas.  Months and Days    Adverb: An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun. It usually
 M.                answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often
 Using Capitals   My birthday is on Monday, October 21st.  end in ‘ly’. For example, The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
 Letter I (by itself)
 Starting each sentence with a capital letter is important   I.  quickly disappeared.
 in writing  and  grammar.  A sentence typically begins   If I go to the store, I buy ice cream.  Supporting Parts of Speech
 Names (of people and places)
 with a capital letter. Then it continues with lowercase   N.
 letters  except  for  nouns  or  specific  instances  that   Carrie, who is from Kardas, would love to go to Italy.  Supporting words are used to join the main parts of speech together and also to add information to the
 call for capitalisation. This practice is key to ensuring     T.  Titles (of movies, songs, and books)  sentences. Some of the supporting parts of speech types are:
 easy-to-read written communication.   I love the movie Up.    Preposition: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase, modifying
 S.  Start of Sentences   another word in the sentence. The prepositional phrase always functions as an adjective or adverb.
 Capitalising is easy when you remember M.I.N.T.S.



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