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Physical Barrier: It occurs due to environmental and natural conditions. The communication becomes less
                 effective because the sender and the receiver are not able to see each other. For example, text messages
                 are often less effective than face-to-face communication.

                 Perceptual Barrier: Messages are interpreted according to viewpoint and past experience of receiver. This can
                 create misunderstanding as the viewpoint of the sender might be different from that of the receiver.

                 Mechanical Barrier: This type of barrier is caused by the channel or medium itself. Channel becomes the
                 barrier when it is interfered by some disturbances which prevent some of the elements of the message to
                 reach their destination. For example, sometimes the voice of a person on a phone call breaks down due to
                 network problem. Here the channel is the barrier itself.

                 Gender Barrier: Style of communication between men and women has generated barriers. The speech
                 patterns and gender stereotypes cause gender barriers.
                 Emotional Barrier: Emotions like fear, anger, or happiness can create  misunderstanding. It could be due
                 to childhood instances that hold people from expressing their views.

                 Attitudinal Barrier: Behaviour patterns like doubting, nagging habits, or withdrawal that distance people
                 from one another cause barriers. They all interfere in effective communication.


              Measures to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication
              Following are some of the measures to overcome barriers to effective communication:
                 Use straightforward language.

                 Avoid making assumptions based on culture, religion, or geography.
                 Communicate in person whenever possible.
                 Utilise visual aids.
                 Seek the assistance of a translator to bridge language gaps.

                 Respect others’ opinions.

               SESSION             6   Writing Skills—Parts of Speech


              Writing skills are crucial for clear communication and expressing ideas effectively. They enhance professionalism
              and support academic and career success.

                 WRITING SKILLS

              Writing skills are a part of verbal communication and encompass emails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat, blogs,
              and more. In all these types of written communication,                    M.I.N.T.S.
              sentences are used to convey our thoughts and ideas.         Months and Days
                                                                      M.
              Using Capitals                                               My birthday is on Monday, October 21st.
                                                                           Letter I (by itself)
              Starting each sentence with a capital letter is important   I.
              in writing  and  grammar.  A sentence typically begins       If I go to the store, I buy ice cream.
                                                                           Names (of people and places)
              with a capital letter. Then it continues with lowercase   N.
              letters  except  for  nouns  or  specific  instances  that   Carrie, who is from Kardas, would love to go to Italy.
              call for capitalisation. This practice is key to ensuring     T.  Titles (of movies, songs, and books)
              easy-to-read written communication.                          I love the movie Up.
                                                                       S.  Start of Sentences
                                                                           Capitalising is easy when you remember M.I.N.T.S.




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