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Typically, the motherboard contains slots for the processor, BIOS, ROM chip, CMOS setup, mass storage
                 interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots and all the controllers required for standard peripheral
                 devices like monitor, keyboard, disc drives, etc. The chips that are attached to the motherboard are known as
                 the Motherboard Chipset.
                    PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)                         ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

                   AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
                 Ports and Connections

                 Computer Port is an interface between the computer and peripheral devices like a mouse, keyboard, monitor,
                 printer, speaker, flash drive, pen drive, etc. A computer port acts as a point of connection where the cable or
                 plug from the peripheral device can be plugged to facilitate data flow from and to the device.
                 A computer port is also called a communication port as it facilitates communication between the computer
                 and its peripheral device. Based on the type or protocol used for communication, ports can be categorised as
                 Serial Ports and Parallel Ports. A serial port is an interface through which peripherals can be connected using
                 a serial protocol that involves the transmission of one bit of data at a time over a single communication line.
                 A parallel port, on the other hand, is an interface through which the communication between a computer and
                 its peripheral device takes place in a parallel manner i.e., data is transferred in or out parallelly or simultaneously
                 using more than one communication line or wire. Printer port is an example of a parallel port.

                                           Video Ports
                                           Video Graphics Array (VGA): It is found in computers, projectors, video cards
                                           and many TVs. The connector is called DE-15. It is a D-shaped sub connector
                                           consisting of 15 pins in 3 rows.

                 With the increase in the use of digital video, VGA ports are gradually being replaced by HDMI and Display
                 Ports. Some laptops have extra on-board VGA ports to connect to external monitors or projectors.


                 Digital  Video Interface (DVI):  It is a  high-speed  digital  interface  between  a
                 computer (CPU) and a display device like a monitor. It was developed to replace the
                 VGA technology. DVI-I, DVI-D and DVI-A are the common types of DVI connectors.

                                           Display Port: It is a digital display interface with multiple channels for audio and
                                           other  forms of data.  It can replace  VGA and  DVI ports as the  main interface
                                           between  a  CPU  and  monitor.  The  latest version of  Display Port  is 1.3  which
                 supports resolutions up to 7680 X 4320.
                 High Definition Media Interface (HDMI): It is a digital interface that helps us
                 to  connect  High  Definition  (HD)  and  Ultra  High  Definition  (UHD)  devices  like
                 computer monitors, HDTVs, Blu-Ray players, gaming consoles, High Definition
                 cameras, etc.

                                        Universal Serial Bus (USB)
                                        The USB port is used to transfer data. It acts as an interface for peripherals and a
                                        power supplier for devices connected to it. USB replaced serial ports, parallel ports,
                 game ports and power chargers for portable devices. There are various kinds of USB ports: Type A, Type B,
                 Mini USB, Micro USB and Type C.





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