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Type A is one of the most common USB ports. STARTING A COMPUTER
There are different versions of Type A USB ports i.e. USB 1.1, USB 2.0 and USB 3.0. The USB 2.0 is black colour When you begin your day, you likely follow a routine, like brushing your teeth or having breakfast, to prepare
coded and USB 3.0 is blue colour coded. USB 3.0 is the common standard and supports a data transfer rate for what’s ahead. Similarly, a computer follows a series of steps before it’s ready for use. To start a computer,
of 400Mbps. simply press the power button on the CPU or laptop.
Ethernet Port (RJ 45 Port) Basic functions performed when a computer starts
Ethernet is a networking technology that is used to connect a computer to the Internet and communicate Just like we wake up and start our day without being told what to do, when you turn on a computer or
with other computers or networking devices. The interface that is used for computer networking (ethernet) press its power button, it automatically starts a basic program called Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). The
and communication is known as Registered Jack (RJ) and RJ-45 post, in particular, is used for Ethernet over BIOS first checks if everything is working correctly with a self-test. It makes sure all the essential parts of the
cable. RJ-45 connector is an eight-pin connector. computer, like the memory and hard drive, are functioning properly. If everything is okay, the BIOS then loads
the computer’s operating system, like Ubuntu or Windows. This process is similar to the computer waking up
The latest Ethernet technology is called Gigabit Ethernet and supports a data transfer rate of over 10 Gigabits and getting ready for you to use it. Now, the computer is fully prepared for you to start using it and give it
per second.
commands, like opening programs or browsing the Internet.
RJ-11
Logging In
RJ-11 is another type of Registered Jack that is used as an interface for telephone, Logging in refers to the process of accessing a computer system or software by entering your username and
modem or ADSL connections. It is the main interface in all telecommunication networks. password. This is done to ensure that only authorised users can access the computer, programs, or online
RJ-45 and RJ-11 ports look alike but RJ-11 is a smaller port and uses a 6-pin connector. accounts. The steps to login in a computer are as follows:
FireWire Step 1: Press the power button to turn on the computer.
FireWire is used with digital audio/video camcorders and personal computers (PC) and Wait for the lock screen to appear.
offers sustained data transfer rates of over 3200 Mbits/s. FireWire was developed by Step 2: Click or press any key to go to the login screen.
Apple Inc. and integrated into Apple PCs as its main communication interface. It is similar Step 3: Click on your profile picture or username.
to a USB port that facilitates a high-speed connection between a computer and peripheral devices.
Step 4: Type your password or PIN and press Enter key or
SESSION 5 Basic Computer Operations click on the arrow. You will be taken to your Windows 10 desktop.
Logging Out
As you have already learnt, a computer is a system that consists of both hardware and software. Hardware Logging out is the process of ending your session on the computer to protect
refers to the physical components, while software includes the programs and applications that run on the your account. It ensures that your account is secure and prevents unauthorized
computer. Both work together to perform tasks and enable the computer to function.
access. This process also shuts down any open programs or files, saving your
SOFTWARE work and releasing system resources, so the computer is ready for the next user.
A computer can’t think or work by itself, it needs instructions to do anything. These instructions come from Perform the following steps for Logout:
software. Software consists of programs and applications that provide instructions to the hardware to perform Step 1: Click on the Start button or press the Windows key on your keyboard.
specific tasks based on what the user wants. For example, when you type a document, play a game, or browse
the web, software manages those tasks. There are different types of software for different purposes: operating Step 2: Click on your profile picture or username.
systems run the computer, applications help with tasks like writing or surfing the Internet, and utility software Step 3: Select Sign out option. Wait for the computer to log you out and return to the login screen.
keeps everything running smoothly and securely. Knowing about these different types of software helps you Using the Keyboard
use your computer more effectively.
Software can be broadly classified as: A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the computer.
Application Software: Application Software refers to programs that are designed to accomplish particular Let’s explore the different types of keys and their roles in typing, navigation, and command execution:
types of tasks to meet a user’s specific needs. Function keys Command keys
System Software: System software helps the user to operate the computer system and utilise its different
resources. It coordinates the operation and functioning of a computer along with the attached hardware Alphabet Keys
components of the computer. System software acts as an interface or a bridge between the user and the Numeric keypad
computer. Operating system is one of the most used system software. There are various types of operating Enter key Navigation keys
systems like Windows, Linux, iOS.
ICT Skills-I 57

