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Unit IV: Introduction to the Emerging Trends


                    10                                                  EMERGING TRENDS














              Chapter Outline


              10.1 Artificial Intelligence                       10.2 Big Data
              10.3 Internet of Things (IoT)                      10.4 Cloud Computing
              10.5 Grid Computing                                10.6 Blockchain Technology







            Introduction

            The accessibility of the Internet through computers, tablets, and smartphones has enabled the emergence of new
            technologies that help us in our day-to-day activities. For example, Google Maps offers real-time traffic and route
            information to help users get from one place to another via a route that saves them time. Similarly,  Amazon Alexa is a
            virtual assistant that responds to voice commands to play music, set alarms, get the weather forecast, read the news,
            etc., as is  Google Lens, which identifies objects in images and retrieves information pertinent to those objects. In this
            chapter, we will introduce several emerging technologies, like artificial intelligence, the  Internet of Things (IoT), and
            blockchain,  that will have a significant impact on the future digital economy and digital social interaction.


            10.1 Artificial Intelligence
            Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to make machines so intelligent that they can
            perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and
            natural language understanding. AI systems often augment human capabilities by providing assistance or insights.
            Also, several AI systems, such as autonomous cars, make decisions and take actions without human intervention. Such
            systems are called  autonomous systems. AI systems use various techniques such as machine learning, natural language
            processing, computer vision, and robotics to learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions. Machine learning
            attempts to learn from a  training dataset to make decisions about new data. For example, by looking at a huge number
            of X-rays of COVID and non-COVID patients,  a machine learning (ML) tool may confidently indicate whether a new
            X-ray relates to a COVID patient or a non-COVID patient. In fact,  the ML tool may  also mark appropriate regions in the
            X-ray so that a doctor may quickly verify the findings of the ML tool. Natural language processing enables machines to
            understand and interpret human language. By looking at millions of translations of sentences from French to English,
            a machine learning tool can translate new text from French to English. Similarly, a computer vision system can detect
            the presence or absence of humans in an image or video. Google Maps—an AI tool that helps us plan our route more
            effectively. On our mobile devices or computers, the majority of us have already played some AI-powered games.


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