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Apple Macintosh:nAmmltnannounctdnApple Macintosh, thtnfirytnmtryonalndtyktomncoomuttrninn
        thtnStarn1984.nItnwaynrtctivtdnvtrSnwtllnbSnthtninduytrSnandngtntrattdnanlotnofnotdiancovtragt.n
        Butn itn wayn haomtrtdn bSn thtn factn thatn yoftwartn atn thtn totn mrovidtdn onlSn an coooand-lintn
        inttrfact.n
        PARAM 8000n-nIndia’ynfirytnindigtnouynyumtrcoomuttr,nthtnPARAMn8000,nwaynrtltaytdnbSn -DA n
        inn1991.nItnwaynanoultmroctyyornySytto,nandnranktdnaoongytnthtnfayttytnyumtrcoomuttrninnthtn
        worldnatnthtntotnwithnanbtnchoarknofn5nGflomy.
        Simon Personal Communicator (SPC):nIBMnintroductdn ioonnPtryonaln ooounicatorn( P )nthtnfirytnyoartmhontninn
        1992.nnAmartnfroonoakingnandnrtctivingnttltmhontncally,nitnyummorttdntoaily,nfacyioilty,nanto-donliyt,ncaltndarn(withn
        anammointotntnychtdultr),ncalculator,ntltctronicnykttchnmad,nworldntotnclock,ninmutnycrttnnktSboardy,nhandwritttnn
        annotatony,nandnannaddrtyynbook.n
        Milestones  in Evolution of Computing
        1.   Vacuum  Tube  Computers  (1930s-1950s):n Thtn firytn gtntratonn ofn tltctronicn coomuttryn uytdn vacuuon tubtyn ton
            mroctyyninforoaton.
        2.nnTransistor Computers (1950s-1960s):nInnthtnytcondngtntratonnofncoomuttry,ntranyiytorynrtmlactdnvacuuontubty,n
            oakingncoomuttrynfayttr,nyoalltr,nandnoortnrtliablt.
        3.   Integrated Circuit Computers (1960s-1970s):nInttgrattdncircuitynrtmlactdntranyiytoryninnthtnthirdngtntratonnofn
            coomuttry,nrtyultngninngrtattrnoiniaturizaton.n
        4.nnPersonal Computers (1970s-1980s):nThtnintroductonnofnmtryonalncoomuttrynoadtncoomutngnacctyyibltntonthtn
            oayyty,nwithncoomanitynyuchnaynAmmltnandnIBMnltadingnthtnwaS.nThtnmtryonalncoomuttrynoadtnuytnofninttgrattdn
            circuity.nnWhiltnAmmltndtvtlomtdnitynownnomtratngnySytton"clayyic"nMacnDO ,noicroyoftndtvtlomtdnM DO nfornthtn
            IBM.n ubytqutntlS,nthtndtvtlomotntnofngramhicalnuytrninttrfactynoadtnthtnmtryonalncoomuttrynmomularnwithnthtn
            oayyty.n
        5.   Networking  and  the  Internet  (1980s-1990s):n Thtn dtvtlomotntn ofn nttworkingn ttchnologityn andn thtn Inttrnttn
            rtvolutoniztdncoomutng,ntnablingninforoatonntonbtnyhartdnandnacctyytdngloballS.
        6.   Mobile Devices (2000s-present):nThtnriytnofnoobiltndtvicty,nincludingnyoartmhontynandntabltty,nhayntranyforotdn
            coomutngnSttnagain,noakingncoomutngnoortnmortabltnandnubiquitouynthanntvtrnbtfort.
        7.   Cloud Computing (2000s-present):n loudncoomutngntnabltnuytryntonmrocurtncoomutngnandndatanytoragtnytrvictyn
            onnactualnuytnbayiy.nThuy,nthtnuytrynrtquiringnhigh-tndncoomutngnytrvictynfornyhortnduratonnofntotynwouldnnotn
            havtntonmurchaytnandnthtnhighntndncoomutngnrtyourctynliktntxmtnyivtnGPUy.nnInyttad,nthtSnwouldnacctyynmowtrfuln
            coomutngnrtyourctynandnytrvictynovtrnthtninttrntt.n
        8.   Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (2010s-present):nThtnrtctntnadvanctotntyninnartficialninttlligtnctn
            andnoachintnltarningnhavtnomtntdnumnntwnmoyyibilittyn forncoomutng,nyuchnaynautonooouynvthiclty,nvirtualn
            ayyiytanty,nandnmrtdictvtnanalStcy.

        1.1.1 First Generation of modern computers (1940 - 1956)

        Thtnfirytngtntratonnlivtdnfroon1940nuntln1956.nThtninitalngtntratonnofncoomuttrynrtlitdnonnvacuuontubtynaynthtn
        mrioarSnotoorSnandncircuitrSnfornthtn tntralnProctyyornUnit.nENIA n(EltctronicnNuotricalnInttgratornandn alculator)n
        waynthtnfirytntltctronicncoomuttrndtvtlomtdninn1947natnthtnUnivtryitSnofnPtnnySlvanianinnthtnUnittdn tatty.nAynywitchingn
        dtvicty,nvacuuontubtynwtrtnuytdninnthiynoachint.nAtnaboutnthtnyaotntot,nVonnNtuoannnmromoytdnthtnconctmtnofn
        thtnytortdnmrograoot,nandnthtnfirytndigitalncoomuttrntonuytnanmrograoot,nED A n(EltctronicnDtlaSn toragtnAutooatcn
         alculator),nwaynannounctdninn1949.
        ThtSnwtrtntnoroouyninnyizt,nconyuotdnanlotnofnmowtr,nandngtntrattdnanlotnofnhtat.nThtSnouytnbtnhouytdninnymaciouy,n
        air-conditontdnroooy.



           6   Touchpad Informatics Practices-XI
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