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Unit IV: Societal Impacts


                     8                                               SOCIETAL IMPACTS














          Chapter Outline


          8.1 Digital Footprints                             8.2 Social Networks
          8.3 Cyber Threats                                  8.4 Browsing the Web Safely
          8.5 Data Protection                                8.6 Open Data
          8.7 Licensing                                      8.8 Cybercrime
          8.9 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act) 2000   8.10 Technology and Society







        Introduction

        We live in the age of information technology. The use of Internet-enabled devices has increased manifold over the past
        decade. This has led to an increase in web services for communication, resource sharing, and e-commerce. Technology
        has substantially changed the way we communicate with each other, share information, and do business. Many of us
        use services such as email, video conferencing, online shopping, social networking, and e-banking for our day-to-day
        work. In this chapter, we will study various types of social networks and their impacts on society.  However, one must
        be cautious while using online services. People with malicious intentions might harm you for personal gain, and some
        people may harm you just for fun. For example, an intruder might entice you to install a malicious app on your phone
        so they can steal your password and use it to make money or spread rumours on social media using your Facebook
        account.  Similarly, a malicious app may harm you by installing malware on your system that could secretly spy on you.
        We will explore ways to protect ourselves from security breaches. To protect our intellectual resources, we will talk
        about security measures such as copyrights, patents, and trademarks in the context of cybercrimes like plagiarism,
        copyright infringement, and trademark violation. We will also study the Indian IT Act 2000, which provides a legal
        framework for the use of IT-enabled services and prescribes legal remedies and punishments for violating the law.


        8.1 Digital Footprints
        A digital footprint is a trail of personal data that one leaves behind while using the Internet. It could
        include things like the sites you visit, how long you stay on each site, and the personal information
        you use to log in to a portal.  It includes information that you share voluntarily on social media posts,
        blog profiles, online forms, etc., as well as information that is collected without your knowledge
        through cookies or other tracking apps. Various applications may collect your footprint in two
        different ways. While the information you leave willingly is known as an active digital footprint,


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