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Remote login enables users on one system to log into a remote system and use hardware and software
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available at the remote computer.
Cloud Computing enables storage and computing services over the Internet. For example, Google Cloud
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Platform (GCP), Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Microsoft Azure enable collaborative computing
environments.
Interspace is a client/server software tool that allows users to connect online in dynamic 3D worlds using
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real-time audio, video, and text chat.
Video Conferencing allows multiple users to exchange video and voice messages in real-time. Examples:
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Video calls using applications like Facebook and WhatsApp, or more sophisticated tools like Google Meet,
Zoom Meetings, Cisco Webex.
The arrangement of nodes in a network is called topology.
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A mesh topology is a network design where each device or node is directly connected to every other device
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or node in the network.
In bus topology, various nodes are connected to a long cable, called backbone cable. The nodes are connected
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to the backbone cable via connectors, also called taps.
In the ring topology, all devices are attached through a cable in the form of a ring (in circular fashion). Each
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device connects to precisely two devices, one on either side.
The star topology has a central controller known as a hub. All the nodes are connected to the hub.
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The tree topology exhibits a hierarchical structure. The central hub at the root of the tree may be connected
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to other nodes or secondary hubs.
A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network that links computers and gadgets within a person’s
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range. PANs have a short-range, often up to 10 meters (33 feet).
A Local Area Network (LAN) is typically owned privately by an organization. It can span an area of about 1 Km.
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A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) can span a radius of up to 50 kilometers. A MAN typically connects
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various local area networks within a city.
A Wide Area Network (WAN) can span a radius of up to 1000 km. Therefore, a WAN can connect across
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countries and continents.
RJ45 (RJ denotes Registered Jack, and 45 refers to an interface standard) connector is used to connect the
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devices to the network cables.
A network interface card is a piece of hardware (also known as a network adapter, network interface controller,
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or LAN adapter) that allows a computer to connect to a network.
Ethernet cards, also known as Ethernet adaptors, connect networks using cables. They provide high-speed
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network connections in the range of 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
A WIFI card provides wireless connectivity and is used to form wireless LANs.
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A repeater intensifies the strength of the incoming signal before transferring it further. As a repeater restores
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the strength of a signal, it is also called a regenerator.
A hub comprises several ports, each of which connects to a single cable. A hub transmits the data arriving on
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any incoming line to all the connected lines.
A bridge is a multiport device that connects two or more local area networks (LANs) to form an extensive
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network.
Switches also connect individual computers. Each computer is connected to a unique port on a switch.
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Computer Networks 237

