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The term of a patent is usually 20 years, starting from the date of the patent application. The Controller General of
            Patents, Designs, and Trademarks (CGPDTM) office oversees the management of the Indian Patent Office.  The person
            who owns the patent may sue anyone who uses the patented invention in the country without their permission.

            Trademark
            A trademark is a distinctive symbol, pattern, or phrase that sets one source's goods and services apart from those
            of other sources. It can be a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements. A
            trademark can be obtained by an individual, business organisation, or a legal entity. It may be applied to a package,
            a voucher, a label, or on the product itself. The owner of a trademark may prevent competitors from using similar or
            identical signs, as doing so could create confusion and call into question the authenticity of the goods or services to
            which the trademark is attached. The following symbols are used to notify a trademark:
            •  ™ – for an unregistered trademark: Unregistered trademarks are those that have not yet, but may have been
               applied for registration. It is applicable to both products and services. However, compared to the legal protection
               provided to registered trademarks, the protection they receive is quite limited.
            •  ®-registered trademark: A registered trademark provides legal sanction to a trademark  that prevents others from
               using it.

            8.5.2 Violation of IPR
            When an individual or an organisation claims  ownership of someone else's work, it is an act of IPR  infringement.
            Below, we give some examples of violations of IPR:

            Plagiarism

            When someone passes off the  words, ideas, or expressions of another author as their own, it is an act of plagiarism.
            Below, we give some examples of plagiarism:
            •  Submitting someone else's work as your own to the instructor for evaluation.
            •  Using someone else's thoughts or ideas without giving them due credit.
            •  Misrepresenting a quotation's source by providing false information.
            •  Paraphrasing changing words but copying the essence  of a source without giving credit.

            •  Copying media (often  images) from other websites to your websites.
            •  Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.
            Several online plagiarism checkers are available, two of which are listed as follows:

            iThenticate – It is a popular tool among scholars, publishers, and researchers. It is applied before a work is submitted
            for publication to an institution, a journal, or a conference. It offers comprehensive results, highlighting text sections
            that are similar to the sources available on the Internet.

            Grammarly is an AI-powered writing assistant. It also works as a plagiarism checking tool, which matches the text with
            billions of web pages.

            Copyright Infringement

            The use or creation of copyright-protected works without the owner's consent is copyright infringement. For example,
            people may copy music and movies without paying for them, thus violating the copyrights. Some websites provide
            books and articles from journals without respecting copyrights.

            Trademark Infringement
            Unauthorised use of a brand or service mark is known as trademark infringement. A trademark violation may be
            aimed at causing misunderstandings, spreading lies, or creating confusion about where a good or service comes from.


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