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operating system and uses the computer’s resources to help you accomplish your tasks.
Examples of application software are as follows:
Word Processors: Programs like Microsoft Word or Google Docs that allow you create and
edit text documents.
Spreadsheets: Software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets that helps you work with
numbers and data in tables.
Web Browsers: Applications like Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox that allow you to browse
the Internet.
Games: Software designed for entertainment, like Minecraft or Candy Crush.
HOW DOES A COMPUTER WORK?
A computer takes raw data as input from the input devices, processes it and then display the
output. This flow of information when raw data is transformed into useful information follows a
cycle known as the Input-Process-Output (IPO) cycle. This cycle happens every time you use a
computer, from typing a document to playing a game. The IPO cycle has three main steps:
1. Input: You provide raw data or instructions to the computer using devices like the keyboard
and mouse.
2. Process: The computer processes the input data using CPU, performing calculations and
running programs.
3. Output: The results of the processing are displayed on the output devices, like monitor,
printer, speaker.
COMPUTER MEMORY
Computer memory stores data and instructions needed by the computer to perform tasks. Just
like you need a place to keep your school books, the computer needs memory to keep its data
and programs. Computer memory can be broadly categorised into two main types: Primary
Memory and Secondary Memory.
Primary Memory
Primary memory, also known as main memory or volatile memory, is a type of computer
memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the computer is currently using.
It is fast and allows the CPU (Central Processing Unit) to access information quickly while
performing tasks.
There are two types of primary memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is the most common type of
primary memory. It stores data and programs that are actively being
used by the computer.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of memory that permanently
stores important instructions for the computer. It is usually programmed
during manufacturing. It tells the computer how to start up. You can read
it, but you can’t change what's inside it. It holds important information
even when the computer is turned off.
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