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Primary memory has two main types:

                         Random Access Memory (RAM):  RAM temporarily stores data and
                      instructions while the computer is in use. It is volatile, meaning all data
                      is erased when the computer is turned off. Therefore, it's important to
                      save your work regularly. RAM enables quick access to information,
                      helping tasks run smoothly and efficiently.
                                          Read-Only Memory (ROM):  ROM is a permanent memory that holds
                                       essential instructions for starting the computer. It keeps data even when
                                       the computer is off, making it non-volatile. This memory helps the system
                                       boot up and run properly.


                 Difference between RAM and ROM
                 The difference between RAM and ROM is given in the table below:

                  Feature           RAM (Random Access Memory)                ROM (Read-Only Memory)
                  Nature            Temporary memory (volatile)               Permanent memory (non-volatile)
                  Data Retention Loses data when power is turned off          Retains data even when power is off

                  Purpose           Stores data and instructions for active  Stores essential instructions for
                                    processing                                booting the computer
                  Speed             Fast access speeds                        Slower access speeds
                  Usage             Enables multitasking and efficient        Contains firmware and critical
                                    processing                                system-level instructions


                     Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is memory that keeps data even when the
                    computer is turned off. Unlike primary memory, it is used for long-term storage and accessed
                    through the operating system. It is cheaper than primary memory, and examples include CD,
                    DVD, and SSD.
                           Hard Disk: A hard disk has magnetic platters where data is stored
                        using a magnetic head. It provides long-term storage, with capacities
                        ranging from gigabytes to terabytes. Hard disks are fixed inside the
                        computer, offering faster access than CDs. External hard disks can be
                        connected via USB for extra storage.
                                                 Solid State Drive (SSD): An SSD stores files using flash memory,
                                                  making it faster  and  more reliable than  a hard  disk. SSDs  are
                                                  durable and range in size from 128 GB to several terabytes. Many
                                                  modern computers use SSDs instead of traditional hard drives.



                           CD (Compact Disc): A CD is a small disc used to store music, videos, and
                        data, holding up to 700 MB. It is mostly outdated today, replaced by better
                        storage options.







                                                                                    Fundamentals of Computer     17
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