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Working of a Computer (IPO)
All computing work revolves around three things: Input, Process, and Output. These terms are
interrelated and form a continuous cycle.
An input is accepted from the user through the input devices.
The input is then processed by the CPU and sent to the user as an output using output
devices.
There may be a need to store the output for later use in storage devices.
Sometimes, the result generated acts as an input for the next stage of data flow.
This flow of information follows a cycle that is known as the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Cycle.
Let us study this IPO cycle in the form of the following example:
For adding two numbers:
a. Input: Two numbers are given to the computer using an input device, such as a keyboard.
b. Process: The computer performs the addition operation on these two numbers.
c. Output: The result of the addition is displayed on the screen.
It illustrates how the IPO cycle operates in different contexts, demonstrating its relevance in
various computing tasks.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
A block diagram is a visual representation of how different parts of a computer are connected.
CPU
Control Unit
Arithmetic
Input Output
Logical Unit
Memory Unit
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
A computer system is made up of different components, each with a specific function. These
are divided into: hardware and software. The physical parts, called devices, are essential for the
system to work properly.
Hardware
The parts of a computer that we can see and touch are called hardware. All input, processing,
output and storage devices form the hardware components of a computer system. For example,
keyboard, mouse, etc.
Fundamentals of Computer 13

