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Encapsulate
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DATA HANDlING

Data

The information such as figures, facts, numbers, etc. collected for a definite purpose is called data.
E.g., 17, 20, 9, 12, etc.
Here, each of the numbers in this example is called an observation.
Raw Data: The data which are in unorganised form is called raw data.

Organising Data Graphical Representation of Data

Tally Marks: A numerical system used
to make counting easier. Tally marks are
denoted in the following manner:
1 = |, 2 = ||, 3 = |||, 4 = |||| , 5 = ||||, and
so on.

Frequency Tables: The number of times
an observation occurs in the data is Bar Graph Double Bar Group
called its frequency.
Let’s consider the following data and
organise 5, 7, 3, 5, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3, 5, 5, in a
table using tally marks.

Number Tally Marks Frequency
3 || 2 Histogram Pie chart

5 |||| 5 Ungrouped Frequency Distribution: A type of
7 || 2 frequency distribution that displays the frequency of
each individual data value rather than groups of data
9 | 1 value.

Grouped Frequency Distribution: In a grouped Class Tally marks Frequency
frequency distribution table, we need to make 0-10 ||| 3
the frequency distribution table by dividing the 10-20 |||| 9
data values into a suitable number of classes with 20-30 ||| 13
appropriate class-size. 30-40 10
40-50 |||| 14
50-60 || 7
60-70 |||| 4
Total 60

Probability

The probability of an event (E) is denoted by P(E) and is defined as follows:
E
Number of favourable outcomes n()
P(E) = = , where 0 P(E) 1
≤
≤
S
Total number of possiblle outcomes n()
1
E.g., if a die is thrown only once then the probability of getting a prime number is .
2
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