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INSIDE THE SERIES




                  The key features of the series have been designed to ensure better learning, assessment
                  and evaluation.
                                                                           Chapter Profile
                                                           Clicking on   stamp  block creates a duplicate of the current Sprite. The image is stamped
                                                        on the stage. To see the image, click on the Sprite and drag. A duplicate of the Sprite
                                                        appears behind it.

                                                         pen up  block puts the pen up and stops the Sprite from drawing anything.
                                                   Learning Resources
                                                          The Sprite draws a non-stop line wherever it moves using
                                                                           pen down .

                                                                block to set the color of the pen to a color of your choice from the
                                                          Use
                                                           set pen color to
                                                           drop-down menu.
                                                             by 10  block  changes  the pen
                                                         change pen color
                                                        color, saturation, brightness and transparency.
                                                        Click on the first text box to select and change
                                                        the pen effects. Click on the second text box to
                                                        give a value by which the effect will change.
                                                            set pen color to 50  block will set the pen color,
                                                        saturation, brightness and transparency to the given value.
                                                         DRAWING A LINE IN SCRATCH
                                                       Let's learn how to draw a line in Scratch. Look at the code and its output.
                                                       The line appears on the stage.
                         Chapter Profile: This            Tech Funda: This section          Clickipedia: This section
                         section describes the         provides a practical information       provides interesting
                       objective of the chapter.           or tip to the students.              computer facts.
                                                       To view the line in full screen, click on Full Screen Control button    on the top right
                                                       corner of the stage.
                                                           Tech Funda                            Chapter Profile
                                       Chapter Profile
                                       Chapter Profile
                        1             Early Counting Tools                                   Clickipedia
                                       Abacus—First Calculating Device  To come out of the Full Screen Control mode: Click on the Full Screen Control button
                                                 Pascaline Adding Machine   or press Esc keys.

                                         Chapter Profile
                                          Leibniz Step Reckoner
                           Evolution of    Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine            Abacus is also used in schools as an aid in teaching the numeral system.

                      2.  What is the command to draw triangle in Scratch?   Lady Ada Lovelace’s Programs
                           Computers           Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating
                                        Machine
                      3.  Where is the full screen control button located in Scratch?        Computer Generations
                                                                                           PASCALINE ADDING MACHINE

                                                                            Creating Shapes in Scratch  61  Chapter Profile
                     E.   Long answer type questions.                                    In 1642,  a mathematician,  Blaise Pascal
                                                                                         D.  Short answer type questions.
                        Dear Students! You have learnt about computers in your previous class.  invented the calculating machine called the
                                                                                           1.  What is the main advantage of using email over traditional mail?
                      1.  How do you add Pen blocks to the Code tab in Scratch?          Pascaline adding machine. The numbers
                        Computer is a familiar word for you today. But have you ever thought ‘Who invented the
                         computer?’ This machine is an outcome of labour of a number of minds. No particular

                        person can be credited with the invention of computers, but several names stand out in the   were fed into the machine by dialing them
                         crowd.                                                          on  the  wheels.  This  device  is  believed  to
                                                                                           2.  What is hyperlink?
                                                                                         be the  first mechanical calculator  of
                         EARLY COUNTING TOOLS
                                                                                         the world. This machine was capable of   Pascaline  Blaise Pascal
                                                                                         E.  Long answer type questions.
                        Since ancient times, people have invented tools for calculations. Early man tied knots in a
                      2.  What are the thumb rules to draw polygons in Scratch?          performing only addition and subtraction.
                        rope and carved marks on clay in order to keep the records. They also used to count with   1.  Discuss the various uses of the Internet in modern society.
                         the help of fingers, toes, pebbles, stones, sticks, bones, etc.
                                                                                             LEIBNIZ STEP RECKONER


                                                                                         In 1672, a  mathematician,  Gottfried Wilhelm
                                                                                           2.  Explain the role of ISPs and modems in providing Internet connectivity.
                      3.  Explain the stamp block and its function in Scratch.           Leibniz invented the digital mechanical calculator
                                                                                         called ‘Step Reckoner’. It was the first calculator

                                Early Counting Tools                                     that could perform all four arithmetic operations

                         ABACUS—FIRST CALCULATING DEVICE                                 i.e.,  addition, subtraction, multiplication and   Leibniz Step Reckoner
                                                                                         division. In The Lab: This is a lab
                        Hands On:  This section
                                                                                                              21 st
                         The first step towards computing was the invention of Abacus around 3000   Natural Fact: Despite children   F.  Competency-based/Application-based question.  Century  Skills  #Critical Thinking
                                                                                                               #Technology Literacy
                        years ago, in China. It is a wooden frame with beads on parallel wires which
                        can do simple calculations like addition and subtraction. This device is used
                                                                                           CHARLES BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
                      contains craft based activities     living in a digital era, this    activity to develop practical
                     F.  Competency-based/Application-based questions.  Century  21 st   #Critical Thinking    Riya wants to shop for a new laptop but prefers to do so without leaving her
                                                                                           house. How can she utilise the Internet to achieve this?
                        to calculate numbers at a fast speed.
                                           Skills
                                            #Technology Literacy
                                          Abacus

                      1.   Sam wants to draw an octagon using Scratch. What repeat command and turn   In 1822 a mathematician, Charles Babbage developed a steam
                       angle should he use?                                              driven calculating machine, that was the size of a room, which
                         for home assignment.
                                                                                                    skills.
                                                                                            SDG Activity
                      2.   John is working on a project where he needs to create a triangle and change   section connects them to   he called the Difference Engine. But even after working on this
                       its colour every time it’s drawn. How can he achieve this in Scratch?  7  project for 10 years, this machine never became a reality.
                                        Evolution of Computers
                     G.  Find the Output.                         nature.                 Imagine, if your emails could be delivered by virtual birds that fly
                                                                                          across the Internet. What kinds of birds would deliver different types
                      1.  What will the output be if you use the command: repeat 6 move 100 steps turn 60 degrees?   of messages?  Charles Babbage
                      2.  What happens if you use pen down, then move 100 steps, and finally use stamp?
                                                                                                  In 1833, he invented a machine called the Analytical Engine,
                                                                                                  the first ever working model of a mechanical computer, a
                                                                                                               #Initiative
                                                                                                              21 st
                                                                                                              Century
                                                                                                               #Information Literacy
                       Hands On           21 st                 Just like a tree stores water   In the Lab  fully program controlled machine. This is why Charles Babbage
                                                                                                              Skills
                                         Century   #Technology Literacy  in its trunk, a computer
                                                                                                  is known as the ‘father of computers’.
                                                                                           Analytical Engine
                                          Skills                                          Visit your computer lab and do the following:
                       Open any web browser and find two another software similar to Scratch.  stores information, like your   1.   Start the Web browser      2.  Open search engine “Google”
                                                                drawings and games in its   8  3.  Search for the topic “Global warming” using the Web browser.
                                                                                          Modular (Ver. 4.0)-V
                                                                  storage devices.
                                                                                          Teacher's Corner
                                         Creating Shapes in Scratch  65                      Discuss the interesting concept of the Information Revolution which has changed our lives drastically
                                                                                           in the last 25 years.
                                                                                             Talk about Tim Berners Lee, the father of WWW and his work.
                                                                                         30  Modular (Ver. 4.0)-V
                      Keyboard Shortcuts: This          Explore More: This section          Glossary: This section
                      section (in IV–VIII) contains    contains supplement topics for       contains definition of
                    keyboard shortcuts to perform           add-on knowledge.                important IT terms.
                         different operations.
                                    Chapter Profile
                                    Chapter Profile               Chapter Profile                   Chapter Profile
                               Keyboard Shortcuts                      Explore  More             GLOSSARY
                                 Scratch                      Evolution of Windows


                                                              Microsoft Windows has had many versions since its first
                                                              release in  1985.  Over
                                                                     29  years later, Windows  looks  very     Assembler: It is a program used to translate assembly language into machine language.

                              Shortcut Keys  Description      different but somehow similar with its elements.
                                                              Windows is manufactured by the company called Microsoft. It     Downloading: Getting the data from the server to the user’s  computer is  known as
                            Shift+click on the thumbnail in the sprite   Show the position of hidden sprite  is the most popular operating system in the world. Microsoft   downloading.
                            list                              was founded by its two founders, William Henry Gates III
                                                              (Bill Gates) and Paul Allen. It was registered as a company in the year 1975. The very early
                            Ctrl + Shift + Z  To redo the last action on block  operating system made by Microsoft was MS DOS.    E-mail: It is an online communication system and used to send or receive electronic
                                                                                                 messages.
                                                                Clickipedia
                            Shift + drag  To make perfect square in Paint editor                   Hotspot: These are the sites that offer Internet access.
                                                               Microsoft also manufactures software like MS Office, search engine like Bing,
                                                               programming platform like Visual Studio, cloud computing platforms Azure as well
                            Ctrl + Z  To undo the last action in the paint editor  as motion-sensing input devices in recent times like Kinect.
                                                                                                   Nibble: A group of 4 bits is known as a nibble (half byte).
                            Ctrl + Y  To redo the last action in the paint editor  WINDOWS        Resolution: It refers to the number of pixels in an image.
                                                              The original Windows 1 was released in
                            Alt + F4  To exit Scratch
                                                              November 1985  and was Microsoft’s     Search Engine: It is a software that searches various web pages on the World Wide Web for
                                                              first  true  attempt  at a  graphical  user   particular information.
                            Ctrl + C  To copy a block         interface.
                                                                                                  Software: It is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks.
                            Ctrl + V  To paste the copied block/blocks
                                                               WINDOWS 95                          Syntax: Syntax is the grammar of a computer language.
                                                                    Previously code-named Chicago, this version
                                                                    was released on August  24, 1995.  This was the     Theme: A theme is a present package containing graphical appearance and functionality
                                                                    first Operating System to have a Start button   details.
                                                                    and a  Start  Menu. Windows 95 also made  the
                                                                    foundation for emails.
                                                                                                   Toolbar: It has shortcut buttons for various operations on web page.
                                                                                                   Uploading: Copying the data from your computer to the Internet computer is known as
                                                                                                 Uploading.
                                    Keyboard Shortcuts (Scratch)
                                    Keyboard  Shortcuts  (Scratch)  91 91  86  Modular (Ver. 4.0)-V  92  Modular (Ver. 4.0)-V
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