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Chapter Profile
Machine Language (1GL)
Machine language is the only language understood by the computer. It is also known as the first
generation language (1GL). Machine language is very difficult for programmers to use because it
only consists of two digits, 0 and 1, called binary digits or bits. Where the bit '0' represents the OFF
state and the bit '1' represents the ON state.
Assembly Language (2GL)
Assembly language is also known as second generation language (2GL). It is the language
in which program codes are written in the form of alphanumeric symbols called Mnemonics
instead of 0 and 1. In the assembly language, a programmer writes abbreviations such as A for
addition, C for compare, L for load, and M for multiply. Because of this feature, it is also known
as Symbolic Language.
High-Level Language (HLL)
High-level language is a programming language that enables a programmer to write programs
that are machine independent. This type of languages are considered as high-level languages
because they are closer to human languages and away from machine languages.
The main advantages of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to
read, write and maintain. Let's discuss about some high-level languages.
Third Generation Languages (3GL)
In third generation languages (3GL), the programmer writes a series of English like words that
tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do. Many third generation languages also use
arithmetic operators such as * for multiplication and + for addition. Some early procedural 3GL
are BASIC, PASCAL, C and FORTRAN. Some other advanced object-oriented 3GL are C++, Java,
and C#.
Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)
The fourth generation languages also use English like statements. They specify what the program
should accomplish without explaining how. A 4GL is fast and requires less time and effort on the part
of the programmer. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use and programmers with very little programming
background can develop programs. Examples of 4GL are SQL, Perl, Python, etc.
Natural Languages (5GL)
The fifth-generation languages, also known as natural languages are the programming languages
that have visual tools to develop a program. Examples of fifth generation language include Mercury,
OPS5, and Prolog. Natural language is very easy to use. Natural languages are often associated with
expert system and artificial intelligence.
LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
A language translator is a software that converts a high-level language program into a machine
language. There are three types of language translators.
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