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Relative References
In relative reference, you actually refer to cell that is above or below and left or right to a number of rows
or columns. When a formula that possesses a relative reference is copied from one cell to another cell,
the value in the copied cell also changes. To use the relative cell reference, perform the following steps:
2
Select another cell in Click on the Copy command.
which you want to copy
3 the formula and click on
the Paste command.
Select the cell that contains
the formula in which the
1 reference of other cells is
used.
Absolute References
If you wish to maintain the original references as they were, then you should make use of the absolute
references. If you want to make the formula retain the original reference when it is copied, then you
should precede the column reference and the row reference by a Dollar ($) symbol.
For example, if you want to give a discount of 10% on each product then the discount will remain same
for all the products. To calculate the amount to be paid, you should add the Dollar ($) sign with the cell
that contains the discount percentage. In this case, the discount percentage is given in cell D3. Hence,
the formula will be =((B3*C3)-((B3*C3)*($D$3))). When you copy the formula to the next cell, address of
the cell D3 will remain same as shown:
Mixed References
A mixed reference is a reference that refers to a specific row or column. It is basically a combination
of relative and absolute references. In some situations, you may need to make the cell reference as
‘Mixed’ reference, so that you can lock either a column or a row by preceding it with a Dollar ($) symbol.
For example, $A1 or A$1.
#Charts, Formulas and Functions in Excel 41

