<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Search><pages Count="74"><page Index="1"/><page Index="2"/><page Index="3"><![CDATA[6












































                             This book belongs to:


                             Name ...............................................................................  Age ......................................

                             Class .................................  Section .............................  Roll No. ..............................


                             School  ..............................................................................................................................

                             ............................................................................................................................................

                             Favourite Gadget ............................................................................................................












                            Rodocodo    PhET Lab    Tinkercad   Micro:bit     VEX        Digital    School Fee
                                                                             Code.org    Content    Protection*





                   Think, Code, Create — Robotics for Logical Minds




                                                              |
                                                  Content   Team Orange]]></page><page Index="4"><![CDATA[Published by:
                      Orange Education (An Imprint of Orange House Pvt Ltd)
                      9, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
                      Phone: 011-43776600     +918588814859
                      Email: info@orangeeducation.in  |  Website: www.orangeeducation.in
                      IE Code: 0511063121
                      Branches:  l Chennai  l Guwahati
                      Regional Marketing Offices:
                      l Ahmedabad  l Bengaluru  l Bhopal  l Bhubaneswar  l Dehradun  l Hyderabad  l Jaipur
                      l Jalandhar  l Kochi  l Kolkata  l Lucknow  l Mumbai  l Patna  l Raipur  l Ranchi
                      International Marketing Offices:  l Dubai  l London
                      © Publishers
                      No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or
                      other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
                      Disclaimer
                      All product names, brand names and product logos mentioned or shown in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names
                      of their respective owners. The reproduction of these product names, brand names and product logos and all instances of references of
                      proprietary software in this book, are for educational purposes only.
                      Although every safety measure has been taken to verify the precision of the information contained herein, the author(s) and publisher assume
                      no responsibility for any error or omission. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within.
                      School Fee Protection*
                      The School Fee Protection programme by Orange Education ensures that a student’s tuition fees are covered in the event of the earning parent’s demise. As long as the school continues to
                      use our books, Orange Education will take care of the beneficiary’s tuition fees. Claims are subject to the terms on our website.
                      As per the guidelines given by FEPI (Federation of Educational Publishers in India) “When labelled as an ‘Evaluation Copy’, this book denotes
                      that it has been given to schools at no cost and is not for commercial sale. Therefore, it may be reclaimed if not part of the designated
                      curriculum, ensuring the prudent use of resources and preventing national loss.”
                      Published and Distributed by Orange House Pvt Ltd






                            Preface


                      In today’s fast-evolving world, robotics and technology are reshaping how we live, learn, and connect. As the demand for
                      future-ready  skills rises, equipping students  with the knowledge  and tools  they  need to  succeed  in Science,  Technology,
                      Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is more important than ever.
                      RoboGenius  Pro presents  an exciting  learning journey  into  robotics  and STEM education.  Designed  to  introduce  young
                      learners to these fields, it blends hands-on activities, problem-solving, and creativity to foster critical thinking and innovation.
                      The series encourages students to think logically, design intelligently, and apply their ideas to real-world problems.
                      The projects in RoboGenius Pro can be performed both online through simulations and with physical kits, providing flexible
                      learning options for students. Whether using digital tools or hands on materials, learners will gain a deeper understanding
                      of STEM concepts and develop practical skills. With a focus on experiential learning, the content ensures that students not
                      only acquire knowledge but also understand how to apply it in practical and meaningful ways. It aligns with international
                      educational standards and supports the development of essential skills for today’s rapidly advancing technological world.
                      By the end of RoboGenius Pro, students will gain the confidence to think creatively, solve problems, and turn their ideas
                      into working innovations. We welcome constructive suggestions to enhance RoboGenius Pro further and make the learning
                      experience even more impactful.
                                                                                                                 —Author]]></page><page Index="5"><![CDATA[TRULY ALIGNED WITH THE 9 PRINCIPLES OF NCFSE-2023


                       The books follow the principles of curriculum, values and discipline while promoting inclusion
                        and using real-life contexts. They use clear language, creative pedagogy and technology to
                     make learning joyful. The presentation is engaging, supporting every child’s meaningful learning.

                                                      st
                                                    21  CENTURY SKILLS

                      Learning Skills (4Cs)            Literacy Skills (IMT)           Life Skills (FLIPS)

                            Critical Thinking                 Information Literacy           Flexibility
                            Creativity                       Media Literacy                   Leadership & Responsibility
                            Communication                     Technology Literacy            Initiative
                            Collaboration                                                     Productivity & Accountability
                                                                                             Social Interaction










                                                      DIGITAL RESOURCES


                 FLIPBOOK


















                                                                                        DIGITAL SIMULATIONS]]></page><page Index="6"><![CDATA[ABOUT THE SERIES




                                                        Learning Resources




                                Ask AIRO


                              Engages with curiosity-based
                              questions and explores insightful
                              answers.

                                                                                    Smart Spark

                                                                                  Discovers short and amazing facts
                                                                                  that spark curiosity and inspire
                                                                                  deeper learning.

                                Ethics Edge

                              Focuses on understanding, practising
                              and applying ethical values and
                              responsible behaviour in robotics.

                                                                                    Challenge Chain

                                                                                  Tackles step-up challenges that
                                                                                  introduce exciting twists and build
                                                                                  problem-solving skills.

                                Ecotech Energy

                              Explores how robots contribute to
                              environmental sustainability through
                              innovation and smart solutions.

                                                                                     Career Climb

                                                                                  Learns about diverse career paths
                                                                                  and how individuals shape and
                                                                                  grow their careers in robotics.
                                 Bot Bits


                              Revisits key points of the chapter
                              through a brief summary for easy
                              recall and understanding.]]></page><page Index="7"><![CDATA[Assessment Resources




                                                                                           Robo Check


                                                                             Reinforces understanding and
                                                                           improves recall of key concepts
                                                                                 through focused practice.

                                     Visual Vault

                      Enhances observation and visual
                  interpretation skills through engaging
                       and thought-provoking visuals.

                                                                          Competency-Based Questions

                                                                                 Builds the ability to apply
                                                                            knowledge effectively and think
                                                                           critically in real-world contexts.

                                      Case Study

                    Builds understanding of real-world
                        applications and highlights the
                       industry relevance of concepts.

                                                                                    Capstone Project

                                                                       Encourages meaningful connections
                                                                          between learning and real-world
                                                                             problem-solving experiences.

                                  Maker Mission

                     Fosters creativity, innovation and
                   hands-on application skills through
                     engaging and practical activities.
                                                                                       Innovation Lab


                                                                        Revises concepts through practical
                                                                               lab activities to understand
                                                                                     and build confidence.]]></page><page Index="8"><![CDATA[CONTENTS





                       1.     ROBOTICS, AI AND ELECTRONICS                                                       7
                                Understanding Robots
                                Mechanical and Electronic Components used in Robotics
                                Robots and Electricity Connection

                                Introduction to AI



                       2.     3D SHAPES IN ROBOTICS WITH TINKERCAD                                              15
                                Getting Started with Tinkercad            3D Shapes in Tinkercad

                                Working with Shapes                       Build a Simple Robot Model
                                Design a Robot Pet                        Build a Delivery Robot



                       3.     INTRODUCTION TO CODEBLOCKS IN TINKERCAD                                          33

                                Understanding Codeblocks                  Benefits of using Codeblocks
                                Basic Blocks in Codeblocks                Build a Tower using Repeat Block
                                Design a Pattern with Mixed Shapes




                       4.     BASICS OF CIRCUITS FOR ROBOTICS                                                  45
                                Introduction to Electricity               Circuit
                                Starting with Tinkercad Circuits          Building a Simple Torch Circuit
                                Building a Circuit Using Switch           Building a Motor Circuit




                       5.     BUILDING THE FUTURE WITH 3D PRINTING                                             59
                                Introduction to 3D Printing               Materials used in 3D Printing
                                Applications of 3D Printing               Future of 3D Printing




                              CAPSTONE PROJECT                                                                 68


                              COMPONENTS LIST                                                                   71



                              YOUNG INNOVATORS                                                                 72]]></page><page Index="9"><![CDATA[1











                                                                                                Robotics, AI



                                                                                       and Electronics






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Understanding Robots
                   Mechanical and Electronic Components used in Robotics
                   Robots and Electricity Connection
                   Introduction to AI



                          Wow, AIRO! You can move, talk and even sense
                          things around you. How do you do all that?



                                         I’m made of mechanical parts like wheels and arms and electronic
                                               parts like sensors and a microcontroller. That’s like my brain.






                          So electricity gives you energy, just
                          like food gives me energy?


                                                               Exactly! Without electricity, I wouldn't be able
                                                                      to do anything. I’d just be like a statue.






                          With AI, you can even learn new things
                          on your own!



                                                                 Yes! AI helps me think in a smart way. Let's
                                                                            explore that more in this chapter.







                                                                                Robotics, AI and Electronics
                                                                                                                    7]]></page><page Index="10"><![CDATA[Robots are smart machines designed to make our work easier and faster. They can move, sense
                  and think using special parts and technology. Let’s explore how robots work and what makes
                  them so intelligent.


                  UNDERSTANDING ROBOTS

                  A robot is a smart machine that can do work on its own or with little help from humans.
                  It can follow instructions, move and  even sense its surroundings. Robots are built to
                  make tasks easier and can be designed in many shapes and sizes for different purposes.

                  Types of Robots

                  There are many types of robots. Some of them are listed below:



                                                        Industrial  robots: These  robots  work in factories  to  help
                                                        make products. They can build cars, assemble parts or pack
                                                        items. They are very strong, fast and can do the same job
                                                        many  times without  getting  tired,  making  work easier  for
                                                        humans.


                     Service  robots:  These  robots  help people  in daily  life. For
                     example,  cleaning robots clean floors and hospital  robots
                     deliver medicines or assist doctors during surgery. They make
                     tasks easier, faster and safer for humans in homes, hospitals
                     and other places.




                                                        Exploration  robots:  These robots  go  to  places  that  are
                                                        dangerous or hard for humans to reach. Some explore outer
                                                        space, others explore the deep oceans or volcanoes. They
                                                        collect important information and take pictures.



                     Humanoid robots: These robots are shaped like humans. They can walk,
                     talk  and sometimes show emotions. They are made  to  interact  with
                     people and help in tasks, acting in ways similar to humans in homes,
                     schools or workplaces.


                  MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS USED IN ROBOTICS


                  Robots are made up of different parts called components. These components work together to
                  help the robot move, think and do tasks. Some parts act like the robot’s body, while others act like
                  its brain and senses. The main components include mechanical parts for movement, electronic
                  parts for power and control and sensors that help the robot understand its surroundings and
                  make decisions.

                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                  8]]></page><page Index="11"><![CDATA[Robots are made up of two main components:
                 1.  Mechanical Components

                 2.  Electronic Components

                 Mechanical Components

                 Mechanical components are the physical
                 parts of a robot that help it move, work and
                 perform tasks. They give the robot its shape,
                 support its movements and allow it to lift, push
                 or carry  things.  Essentially,  they  act  like  the
                 robot’s body and muscles.
                 The  mechanical  components  of a robot  are
                 given below:

                    Wheels or Legs: These help the robot move
                    from one  place  to  another.  Some  robots
                    roll on wheels, while others walk on legs.

                    Motors: Motors are like the robot’s muscles. They turn wheels, move arms or rotate parts so
                    the robot can do its work.
                    Arms and Grippers (End Effectors): These are like the robot’s hands. They help pick up, hold
                    or move objects.

                    Gears: Gears control how fast or strong a robot’s parts move. They help the robot move
                    smoothly and do tasks with the right force.

                 Electronic Components
                 Electronic parts in a robot are the pieces that let it think, sense and act using electricity. They help
                 the robot receive information from its surroundings, make decisions and control movements.
                 Without them, a robot cannot respond to commands or interact with the environment, because
                 they provide the electrical signals needed for its operation.

                                                               The electronic  components  of a robot  are given
                                                               below:

                                                                   Microcontroller (Brain): This is like the robot’s
                                                                   brain. It tells the robot what to do.
                                                                   Sensors: These are like the robot’s eyes, ears
                                                                   and skin. They help it see, hear or feel things
                                                                   around it.
                                                                      Light sensor: Notices how bright it is.

                                                                      Ultrasonic sensor: Measures how far things
                                                                      are.
                                                                      Touch sensor: Feels when it is touched.




                                                                                Robotics, AI and Electronics
                                                                                                                    9]]></page><page Index="12"><![CDATA[Without sensors, a robot can’t detect obstacles, avoid collisions or respond to its surroundings.
                     Batteries/Power supply: Give the robot energy, just like food gives us energy.

                     Wires and Circuits: Carry electricity and messages to all parts so the robot can work properly.



                        Ask AIRO

                       What would happen if a robot had no sensors?





                  ROBOTS AND ELECTRICITY CONNECTION

                  Robots cannot work on their own. They need electricity
                  to  function.  Electricity  acts  like  food  or energy  for a
                  robot.  It powers  the motors,  allowing the robot  to
                  move and the microcontroller (brain), which processes

                  information  and gives  instructions.  Sensors, like the
                  robot’s eyes and ears, also need electricity to detect
                  surroundings. Without electricity from batteries, wires
                  or solar panels, a robot cannot move, sense or make
                  decisions and it will remain inactive.

                  How Electricity Helps Robots Work?

                  The electricity helps robots in the following ways:

                     Powering  motors: Motors  are the parts that make  the robot  move.  Electricity  makes  the
                     wheels spin, arms lift and other parts move. For example, a robot vacuum moves around your
                     room because electricity powers its wheels.

                     Running  the brain  (Microcontroller): The microcontroller  uses  electricity  to  process
                     information from sensors and tell the robot what to do. For example, if a sensor detects an
                     obstacle, electricity helps the brain decide to turn left or stop.

                     Operating sensors: Sensors need electricity to detect things like light, touch or distance. For
                     example, a light sensor tells a robot to follow a bright path.
                     Lighting and display: Some robots have lights (LEDs) or screens. Electricity powers these,
                     allowing the robot to display messages or signals. For example, a robot with blinking lights can

                     indicate that it is working or alert someone.



                                               Some robots use solar panels to generate electricity from
                                 SMART
                                 SPARK      sunlight, which provides them with the energy needed to work
                                                                 and perform tasks.





                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 10]]></page><page Index="13"><![CDATA[If a humanoid robot starts to learn emotions, should it be treated the
                                         same as humans or should we still keep a clear boundary between
                                                                humans and robots?





                 INTRODUCTION TO AI

                 Artificial  Intelligence (AI) means  giving  machines
                 or devices the ability to think like humans. Of course,
                 machines do not really think like us, but they can learn
                 from data, make decisions and solve problems using

                 special programs. AI is used in devices we see every
                 day. For example, a smartphone assistant (like Siri or
                 Alexa) listens to  your  voice  and answers questions.
                 A camera can recognise faces. Even self-driving cars
                 use AI to decide when to stop or turn.

                 In simple words, AI helps machines act smart like humans but only in the tasks they are trained
                 to do.

                 What is AI in Electronics?

                 AI in Electronics means using artificial intelligence (AI) in electronic devices and circuits to make
                 them smart. These devices don’t just follow fixed instructions—they can learn, make decisions and
                 solve problems like humans, but only in the tasks they are programmed for.

                 Difference Between Normal Electronics and AI Electronics

                 Normal Electronics
                 Normal electronic devices work exactly as they are programmed. They follow fixed instructions
                 and cannot make decisions on their own. They do what you tell them and nothing more.

                 Examples:

                    A simple fan that turns on when you press a switch.
                    A toaster that heats bread for a fixed time.

                     A calculator that gives answers when you enter numbers.

                 AI Electronics
                 AI electronic devices are smarter because they can adapt, learn and make decisions based on

                 what they sense or experience. They do not just follow fixed instructions they can adjust their
                 behaviour depending on the situation.
                 Examples:

                    A smart fan that automatically turns ON when the room gets hot, without pressing a switch.



                                                                                Robotics, AI and Electronics
                                                                                                                    11]]></page><page Index="14"><![CDATA[A robot vacuum that maps the layout of your room and avoids obstacles.                                                     3.  Identify the part of a robot that acts like muscles.
                     A self-driving car that detects traffic and decides when to stop, turn or slow down.                                                   (i)  Sensors                              (ii)  Motors


                                                                                                                                                           (iii)  Microcontrollers                    (iv)  Batteries
                   ECOTECH     Pollution-detecting  robots  monitor  pollution  in oceans and on land,  detecting  harmful
                   ENERGY      chemicals, plastic waste and pollutants, helping us protect the environment.                                     4.  Mark the sensor that measures how far things are.

                                                                                                                                                            (i)  Ultrasonic sensor                    (ii)  Light sensor

                                                                                                                                                           (iii)  Touch sensor                        (iv)  Motion sensor

                                                                                                                                                5.  Choose the electronic component of a robot.

                     «   A robot is a smart machine that can do work on its own or with little help from                                                    (i)  Gears                                (ii)  Grippers
                         humans.

                     «   Robots are made up of different parts called components.                                                                          (iii)  Wheels                              (iv)  Microcontroller

                     «   Mechanical  components  are  the  physical  parts  of a  robot  that  help  it  move,  work and
                         perform tasks.                                                                                                     B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     «   Electronic parts in a robot are the pieces that let it think, sense and act using electricity.                         1.  Robots are smart machines designed to make our work easier and faster.

                     «   Robots cannot work on their own, they need electricity to function.                                                    2.  Industrial robots help people in daily life like cleaning floors.
                     «   Artificial Intelligence (AI) means giving machines or devices the ability to think like humans.
                                                                                                                                                3.  Components work together to help the robot move, think and do tasks.
                     «   AI helps machines act smart like humans but only in the tasks they are trained to do.
                                                                                                                                                4.  Battery is like a robot’s brain.
                     «   AI in Electronics means using artificial intelligence (AI) in electronic devices and circuits to make
                         them smart.                                                                                                            5.   AI electronic devices are smarter because they can adapt, learn and make decisions.


                                                                                                                                            C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                                                                                                                                                1.  A                 car detects traffic and decides when to stop, turn or
                                                                                                                                                   slow down.                                                                         Hints

                                                                                                                                                2.                  robots go to places that are dangerous or hard for humans       Exploration
                                                            ROBO CHECK                                                                             to reach.                                                                        Mechanical

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Artificial
                                                                                                                                                3.  The physical parts of a robot that help it move, work and perform tasks are     Intelligence
                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.                                                                                                 called                 components.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Normal
                     1.  Which of the following is a task that industrial robots perform in factories?                                          4.                  means giving machines or devices the ability to think like      Self-driving
                                                                                                                                                   humans.
                                  (i)  Cooking meals                        (ii)  Building cars
                                                                                                                                                5.                  electronic devices work exactly as they are programmed.
                                 (iii)  Cleaning offices                   (iv)  Writing code
                     2.  Select the type of robot that is shaped like a human.                                                              COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                                  (i)  Humanoid robots                      (ii)  Industrial robots                                         1.  Rohan wants his robot to follow a light beam across the classroom. Which sensors should he use for
                                                                                                                                                this task?
                                 (iii)  Service robots                     (iv)  Exploration robots                                         2.  Hemant wants to help in a hospital by delivering medicines. Which type of robot is suitable for use in
                                                                                                                                                a hospital?






                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 12]]></page><page Index="15"><![CDATA[A robot vacuum that maps the layout of your room and avoids obstacles.     3.  Identify the part of a robot that acts like muscles.
   A self-driving car that detects traffic and decides when to stop, turn or slow down.     (i)  Sensors      (ii)  Motors


                                (iii)  Microcontrollers                   (iv)  Batteries
 ECOTECH   Pollution-detecting  robots  monitor  pollution  in oceans and on land,  detecting  harmful
 ENERGY  chemicals, plastic waste and pollutants, helping us protect the environment.     4.  Mark the sensor that measures how far things are.

                                 (i)  Ultrasonic sensor                    (ii)  Light sensor

                                (iii)  Touch sensor                       (iv)  Motion sensor

                    5.  Choose the electronic component of a robot.

                                 (i)  Gears                                (ii)  Grippers


                                (iii)  Wheels                             (iv)  Microcontroller

                 B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                    1.  Robots are smart machines designed to make our work easier and faster.

                    2.  Industrial robots help people in daily life like cleaning floors.

                    3.  Components work together to help the robot move, think and do tasks.


                    4.  Battery is like a robot’s brain.

                    5.   AI electronic devices are smarter because they can adapt, learn and make decisions.

                 C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                    1.  A                 car detects traffic and decides when to stop, turn or
                        slow down.                                                                        Hints

                    2.                  robots go to places that are dangerous or hard for humans       Exploration
                        to reach.                                                                       Mechanical
                                                                                                         Artificial
                    3.  The physical parts of a robot that help it move, work and perform tasks are     Intelligence
                        called                components.
                                                                                                          Normal
                    4.                  means giving machines or devices the ability to think like      Self-driving
                        humans.

                    5.                  electronic devices work exactly as they are programmed.


                 COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  Rohan wants his robot to follow a light beam across the classroom. Which sensors should he use for
                    this task?
                 2.  Hemant wants to help in a hospital by delivering medicines. Which type of robot is suitable for use in
                    a hospital?






                                                                                Robotics, AI and Electronics
                                                                                                                    13]]></page><page Index="16"><![CDATA[CASE STUDY





                     MediBot is an autonomous delivery robot used in hospitals to transport medicines to patients.
                     Equipped with arms, grippers, wheels and sensors, it navigates hospital corridors efficiently
                     while avoiding obstacles such as patients, staff and equipment. Controlled by a microcontroller,
                     MediBot ensures timely deliveries and operates seamlessly in busy hospital environments. The
                     robot is designed to deliver medications promptly, identify the correct patient rooms and avoid
                     disruptions,  enhancing  overall hospital  workflow  and  patient  care.  Additionally,  MediBot  can
                     be integrated with hospital management systems to track delivery progress, ensure accurate
                     medication distribution and even provide real-time updates to staff. By reducing the workload
                     on hospital staff and improving medication delivery efficiency, MediBot plays a vital role in
                     enhancing patient outcomes and hospital operations.

                   Based on the above case, answer the following questions:

                   1.  What type of robot is MediBot?


                   2.  Which sensors help it avoid bumping into people or walls?










                           After studying this chapter, students can explore careers in fields such as robotics engineering,
                           AI specialisation and robot design.

































                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 14]]></page><page Index="17"><![CDATA[2







                                                                                                    3D Shapes


                                                                                                 in Robotics



                                                                                        with Tinkercad






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Getting Started with Tinkercad                  3D Shapes in Tinkercad
                   Working with Shapes                             Build a Simple Robot Model
                   Design a Robot Pet                              Build a Delivery Robot





                          AIRO, how do we design robots using
                          Tinkercad?



                                                  Great question, AVINA! Tinkercad helps you design robots
                                                       by using 3D shapes like boxes, spheres and cylinders.






                          So, I can make a robot by just combining
                          different shapes?


                                        Exactly! You can make everything from a robot’s head to its wheels.
                                            You can even change the colours and sizes to match your ideas.






                          Wow! I’m excited to try building a delivery
                          robot. How do I get started?



                                                 Just follow the steps—add shapes for the body, wheels and
                                                     sensors. Soon you’ll have your very own delivery robot.







                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    15]]></page><page Index="18"><![CDATA[Robots  are exciting  machines  that  help people in many  ways, from building  things  to
                  delivering  packages.  In this  chapter,  you  will learn how to  design  and build  simple  robot
                  models using Tinkercad.


                  GETTING STARTED WITH TINKERCAD

                  Tinkercad is a free and easy-to-use online tool where you can learn 3D design, build circuits and
                  do simple coding. It is popular among students and teachers because it helps you create and test
                  your ideas on a computer.

                  To Sign Up on Tinkercad, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Open your web browser and visit the following link: https://www.tinkercad.com or
                               scan the QR code.


















                   STEP - 2   Click on the Sign Up button. Tinkercad provides you with three options for signing up.
                   STEP - 3   Click on the Create a personal account button.

                   STEP - 4   Click on the Sign up with Email button.























                   STEP - 5   Enter your desired information in the text fields.
                   STEP - 6   Click on the Next button.

                   STEP - 7   Enter your email ID and password in the respective fields.
                   STEP - 8   Click on the checkbox to agree to the terms and conditions.

                   STEP - 9   Click on the Create account button.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 16]]></page><page Index="19"><![CDATA[STEP - 10   Click on the Done button.


















                 This will take you to the home screen, where you can start using Tinkercad.

                  STEP - 11   Click on the Create button and select the 3D Design option from the drop-down list.




















                 It will open the 3D design workspace, where you can start creating and manipulating 3D models
                 using the available tools.

                 Interface of Tinkercad
                 The main components of the Tinkercad 3D design window are:

                               Recent Designs    Project Name


                  Tinkercad Dashboard
                                                                                                         Top Toolbar
                                                                        Workplane Tool                   Notes Tool
                             Viewcube
                                                                                                         Ruler Tool


                     Navigation Buttons

                                                                                                         Shapes Panel


                            Workplane




                                                                       Snap Grid


                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    17]]></page><page Index="20"><![CDATA[Tinkercad Dashboard: This Tinkercad logo takes you back to the dashboard.
                     Recent Designs: It displays your latest projects for easy access and editing.

                     Project Name: It shows the title of your current project, which can be modified.
                     Top Toolbar: It  contains  essential  functions  such  as  Copy,  Paste,  Duplicate,  Delete,  Undo,
                     Redo, Visibility, Import, Bundle Group, Union Group, Ungroup, Align, Mirror, Cruise, Shape
                     Workplane, Import, Export and Send To.
                     Viewcube: A 3D navigation tool that lets you view your design from various angles.

                     Workplane: The flat surface where you design and place 3D objects.
                     Navigation Buttons: It includes buttons that allow you to zoom, pan and rotate your design
                     within the workspace.

                     Snap Grid: A grid that enables objects to snap into place for precise alignment.
                     Shapes  Panel: It provides  a selection  of pre-made  shapes  that you  can incorporate  into
                     your design.

                     Workplane Tool: It allows you to add extra workplanes to position objects at different angles
                     within your design.
                     Ruler Tool: It is used to measure distances between objects or specific points in your design.

                     Notes Tool: It lets you add text-based notes or instructions directly onto your design for easy
                     reference.


                  3D SHAPES IN TINKERCAD

                  3D shapes are the building blocks used to create models and designs. You can find many shapes
                  in the Shapes panel. Using these 3D shapes, students can design anything from simple toys to
                  creative  inventions, just like  real 3D
                  designers and engineers.
                  Some examples of 3D shapes are:


                                                               Sphere        Cylinder          Tube          Pyramid
                  WORKING WITH SHAPES


                  You can add, resize and modify shapes to create custom 3D designs by using the Shape
                  Properties panel and various tools available on the Workplane.
                  Adding Shapes

                  You  can add  any  shape  from the  Shapes
                  panel and customise  it according  to your
                  project  requirements.  Tinkercad  allows you
                  to  add  Basic  Shapes,  Letters  &  Numbers,
                  Design  Starters and  more. You  can drag
                  and drop the desired shape from the Shapes
                  panel onto your workspace.




                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 18]]></page><page Index="21"><![CDATA[Resize Shape

                 The Shape properties panel, also known as the Inspector panel, is a tool that allows you to view
                 and modify the properties of the selected shape or object in your project. You can increase or
                 decrease the size of an object using the Inspector panel, where you can adjust properties like solid
                 colours, radius, steps, length, width and height. There are two types of handles in Tinkercad:
                    White handles: They change the size of the object in two directions (both width and length)
                    along the X or Y axis. The white handles on the top change the dimension along the Z axis to
                    increase the height.

                    Black handles: They change the size of the object along a specific axis (either the X, Y or
                    Z axis).

                 To resize an object, follow these steps:

                  STEP - 1   Click on the object to select it.

                  STEP - 2   Drag the white handles to resize the object proportionally.


                              OR

                                Drag the black handles to resize the object along a specific axis.



















                 The object will resize proportionally if the white handles are used and along a specific axis if
                 the black handles are used.

                 Changing Colour

                 You  can adjust  the colour of shapes  to  customise  their appearance  and match  your  design
                 preferences.

                 To change the shape’s colour, follow these steps:


                  STEP - 1   Click  on the shape  you  want to
                              change the colour of.

                  STEP - 2   Click on the Solid option in the shape
                              properties panel.





                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    19]]></page><page Index="22"><![CDATA[STEP - 3   Select your desired colour from the palette.

























                  The shape’s colour will change to the new colour you selected.



                                               Tinkercad’s simple shapes like spheres and cylinders can
                                   SMART       represent key robot parts, like joints and wheels, that are
                                   SPARK
                                                              essential for movement.



                  Grouping Shapes

                  Grouping objects allows you to combine multiple shapes into a single object, making it easier to
                  move, rotate and scale them together. It simplifies the design process, helps maintain alignment
                  and ensures that modifications are applied to the entire group at once.

                  There are two types of grouping in Tinkercad:
                      Union group: It merges multiple objects into a single new shape or subtracts hole shapes from

                     solid shapes to create cuts or holes.
                     Bundle  group:  It selects  multiple  shapes and groups  them  together  without  altering  their
                     individual geometry or colours. This is useful for organising and moving a collection of separate

                     objects as a single unit, such as furniture in a room.
                  To group shapes, follow the given steps:


                    STEP - 1   Drag and drop the first shape from the Shapes panel onto the Workplane.
                   STEP - 2   Drag and drop another shape from the Shapes panel onto the first shape.


                   STEP - 3   Click on the first shape to select it.

                   STEP - 4   Hold  Shift  on  the keyboard  and select the second  shape. The  shapes you  have
                               selected will be outlined in blue.






                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 20]]></page><page Index="23"><![CDATA[STEP - 5   Click on the Bundle Group button on the top toolbar.

                              OR

                              Press Ctrl + B on the keyboard.
























                 The two shapes are now grouped together. Similarly, you can use the Bundle Group. After selecting
                 the shapes, apply the Bundle Group and the group colour will be the same as the colour of the first
                 selected shape.

                 Ungrouping Shapes

                 To ungroup shapes, follow the given steps:

                  STEP - 1   Click on the grouped object to select it.

                  STEP - 2   With the object selected, click the Ungroup button on the top toolbar.

                              OR
                              Press Ctrl + Shift + G on the keyboard.

























                 The grouped object will now be ungrouped and the individual shapes can be moved or modified
                 separately.



                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    21]]></page><page Index="24"><![CDATA[Creating Hollow Shapes

                  Tinkercad allows users to subtract shapes and create holes using the Hole feature. To remove a
                  section from a solid shape, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Drag  and drop the Cylinder  from the
                               Shapes panel onto the Workplane.
                   STEP - 2    Click on the Hole option from the Shape
                               Properties panel.

                   STEP - 3    Resize  the Hole to  fit inside  the Box as
                               required.
                   STEP - 4   Click on the first shape to select it.

                   STEP - 5    Hold Shift on the keyboard and select the
                               Hole.

                   STEP - 6    Click on the Union Group button on the
                               top toolbar.



















                  Once grouped using the Union Group button, the hole will act as a cut-out, creating a hollow
                  space within the shape.

                        Ask AIRO


                       What happens if a robot's communication system gets disrupted?



                  BUILD A SIMPLE ROBOT MODEL

                  You can build a simple robot model by arranging different shapes to form its various components
                  and you can adjust their colour and size according to your requirements.

                  To create a simple robot model, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Drag and drop the Box shape from the Shapes panel and resize it to make it the
                               head of the robot. You can select the desired colour from the colour palette.
                   STEP - 2   Drag and drop the Sphere shapes from the Shapes panel and customise them to
                               create the eyes of the robot.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 22]]></page><page Index="25"><![CDATA[STEP - 3   Drag and drop the Cone and Sphere shapes from the Shapes panel, then customise
                              them to create the antenna.
























                  STEP - 4   Drag and drop another Box shape from the Shapes panel and customise it to create
                              the robot's body.
























                  STEP - 5   Add the Cylinder, Tube and Box shapes from the Shapes panel and customise them
                              to create the arms of the robot. Click on the Union Group button to form the hands
                              of the robot.




                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    23]]></page><page Index="26"><![CDATA[STEP - 6   Drag and drop the Cylinder shape from the Shapes panel and customise it to make
                               the legs of the robot.























                   STEP - 7   Drag and drop the  Cylinder  shapes  from the  Shapes panel  and resize  them  to
                               make the wheels of the robot. Select the entire robot and click on the Bundle Group
                               button on the top toolbar.
























                                         Robots are used to do dangerous tasks like defusing bombs. If a robot
                                          makes a mistake, who is responsible? Should robots ever be trusted
                                                             with life-or-death situations?





                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 24]]></page><page Index="27"><![CDATA[The above virtual task can also be carried out using physical hardware components. Let's perform
                 the same.

                 Materials Required











                                Filament (PLA)                                   3D Printer
                 Steps Walkthrough

                 To bring your Tinkercad robot to life with 3D printing, start by opening Tinkercad and adding a Box
                 shape for the head. Resize it and choose the desired colour. Use Sphere shapes for the eyes and
                 Cone and Sphere shapes for the antenna. Add a Box for the body and use Cylinder, Tube and Box
                 shapes for the arms, then group them together using the Union Group button. For the legs, adjust
                 Cylinder shapes and add more for the wheels. Once finished, group all components and save the
                 file as .STL or .OBJ. Set up the 3D printer by loading the filament and selecting the appropriate
                 material. Finally, send the print command to bring your robot to life.
                 Final Output

                 The 3D printing will produce a fully physical robot model, similar to the Tinkercad design.


























                 DESIGN A ROBOT PET

                 A Robot Pet is a robot made to look and act like a real animal. It can move, make sounds and
                 respond to touch or voice. Robot pets are used for fun, learning or companionship, especially for
                 people who can’t have real animals.



                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    25]]></page><page Index="28"><![CDATA[To create a robot pet, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Drag and drop the Box shape from the Shapes panel and customise it to make the
                               body of the pet.
                   STEP - 2   Add the Box and Cylinder shapes from the Shapes panel and customise them to
                               create the sensor.























                   STEP - 3   Drag and drop the Box shapes from the Shapes panel next to the body and customise
                               them to make the thighs of the pet.
























                   STEP - 4   Add the Box shapes and customise them to create the legs of the pet.
























                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 26]]></page><page Index="29"><![CDATA[STEP - 5   Add the Cylinder and Sphere shapes from the Shapes panel and customise them to
                              create the antenna of the pet.

                  STEP - 6   Select the pet and click on the Bundle Group button in the top toolbar.























                                                       CHALLENGE CHAIN

                  If you wanted your robot pet to be able to turn its head, what changes could you make to the Box and
                  Sphere shapes to make it possible?









                 BUILD A DELIVERY ROBOT

                 A Delivery Robot is a type of robot designed to carry and deliver items from one place to another.
                 It can move on wheels or legs and often uses sensors and cameras to avoid obstacles. Delivery
                 robots are used to deliver food, packages or other goods safely and quickly.

                 To make a delivery robot, follow the given steps:

                  STEP - 1   Add the Box shape from the Shapes panel to the Workplane to create the chassis of
                              a delivery robot.

                  STEP - 2   Add the Cylinder shapes from the Shapes panel to make the axle for the wheels.






















                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    27]]></page><page Index="30"><![CDATA[STEP - 3   Create the wheels using the Cylinder and Torus shapes from the Shapes panel.























                   STEP - 4   Add a stand to hold the parcel box using the Cylinder shape from the Shapes panel.
                   STEP - 5   Create a parcel box by using the Box shape from the Shapes panel to contain items
                               to be delivered.

                   STEP - 6   Add text to the parcel box using the Text shape from the Shapes panel. Type Parcel
                               in Text textbox






















                   STEP - 7   Create the sensors of the robot using the Half Sphere and Box shapes from the
                               Shapes panel.

                   STEP - 8   Create headlights using the Sphere and Ring shapes from the Shapes panel.























                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 28]]></page><page Index="31"><![CDATA[ECOTECH      Eco-friendly Materials in robot design, such as biodegradable plastics and recyclable
                 ENERGY       metals, can help reduce pollution and waste in the robotics industry.










                    «   Robots are exciting machines that help people in many ways, from building things
                        to delivering packages.
                    «   Tinkercad is a free and easy-to-use online tool where you can learn 3D design, build circuits and
                        do simple coding.

                    «   The workplane is the flat surface where you design and place 3D objects.
                    «   Snap Grid enables objects to snap into place for precise alignment
                    «   3D shapes are the building blocks used to create models and designs.
                    «   You  can add any  shape  from the  Shapes  panel  and  customise  it  according  to  your  project
                        requirements.
                    «   Grouping objects allows you to combine multiple shapes into a single object, making it easier
                        to move, rotate and scale them together.
                    «   Tinkercad allows users to subtract shapes and create holes using the Hole feature.

                    «   A Robot Pet is a robot made to look and act like a real animal.









                                                           ROBO CHECK


                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                    1.  Which of the following best describes Tinkercad?

                                 (i)  Cooking app                          (ii)  Coding game

                                (iii)  3D design tool                     (iv)  Music app

                    2.  Select the purpose of a delivery robot.

                                 (i)  Cooking                              (ii)  Dancing


                                (iii)  Delivering items                   (iv)  Making toys
                    3.  Identify the shape that is suitable to make wheels of a robot.


                                 (i)  Pyramid                              (ii)  Polygon

                                (iii)  Heart                              (iv)  Cylinder




                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    29]]></page><page Index="32"><![CDATA[4.  Mark the component that is used to hold all the categories of shapes in Tinkercad.

                                  (i)  Workplane                            (ii)  Shapes Panel

                                 (iii)  Main Toolbar                       (iv)  Control Panel

                     5.  Which of the following is NOT a 3D shape in Tinkercad?

                                  (i)  Square                               (ii)  Pyramid

                                 (iii)  Cylinder                           (iv)  Tube



                  B.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  Tinkercad provides you five options for sign up.


                     2.  You can add a shape in Tinkercad by simply dragging it onto the workplane.


                     3.   Tinkercad allows users to subtract shapes and create holes using the Hole feature.

                     4.   Tinkercad offers no options for customising the color of shapes.


                     5.   Workplane is the central area where all circuit building and design activities
                         take place.

                  C.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                     1.  The                 is a 3D navigation tool that lets you view your design from
                         various angles.                                                                   Hints
                                                                                                            Solid
                     2.  To change the colour of a shape in Tinkercad, you need to click on the
                                                                                                            Black
                                         option in the Shape Properties panel.
                                                                                                           Animal
                     3.  The                 is the flat surface where you design and place 3D objects.   Workplane
                                                                                                          Viewcube
                     4.  A Robot Pet is a robot made to look and act like a real            .

                     5.  The                 handles adjust the size of the object along a specific axis.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Maya is working on a design for her robot and needs to create hollow spaces inside a solid shape.
                     To do this, she wants to subtract one or more shapes from the main solid. Which option should she
                     use to perform this subtraction effectively?
                  2.  Riya is designing a robot that will help her clean her room by moving around and picking up trash.

                     She needs to use various 3D shapes to build the structure and components of the robot. Which 3D
                     shapes should she choose to create an effective design for her robot?





                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 30]]></page><page Index="33"><![CDATA[Create a model of a robot that will be used to explore the surface of the moon.
                    Build the structure using the Box shape.
                    Add wheels using the Cylinder shape.
                    Add sensors with the Sphere shape.
                    Build robotic arms or extendable tools for collecting samples using the Tube and Box shapes.







                 Goal



                 Setup





                 Observation






















                          After studying this chapter, students can explore careers in fields such as robotics engineering,
                          AI specialisation and robot design.



























                                                                        3D Shapes in Robotics with Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    31]]></page><page Index="34"><![CDATA[maker mission



                                                  Automatic Coin Sorting Machine
                  In this activity, you will create a cardboard model that automatically sorts coins based on their

                  size using a simple motor-based vibration system.
                  Materials Required:

                     Cardboard              Battery               Wires               Switch            DC motor

                     Bolt                   Glue stick            Scissors            Marker            Coins

                  Follow the given steps to build a automatic coin sorting machine:

                   STEP - 1    Collect materials: battery, wires, switch, DC motor and
                               cardboard sheets.





                                                STEP - 2    Connect  the battery,  switch  and DC motor  using wires to
                                                            make the circuit. Attach one bolt on the top of the motor.





                   STEP - 3    Make a small cardboard box to hold the circuit and fix the motor
                               inside it.







                                                STEP - 4    Create four cardboard pillars and attach them to the corners
                                                            of the circuit box for support.






                   STEP - 5    Make  a top  container  to drop  the  coins. Below  it,  cut  three
                               coin-sized  holes in a cardboard  slide  that  leads  to four-coin
                               containers placed according to coin size.




                                               STEP - 6    Complete the structure of the project as shown in the given
                                                            image.  Then,  switch  on the circuit.  The motor  vibrates  the
                                                            structure  and the  coins  slide  down, sorting  themselves  into
                                                            the correct containers by size.







                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 32]]></page><page Index="35"><![CDATA[3







                                                                                             Introduction


                                                                                          to Codeblocks



                                                                                              in Tinkercad






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Understanding Codeblocks                 Benefits of using Codeblocks
                   Basic Blocks in Codeblocks               Build a Tower using Repeat Block
                   Design a Pattern with Mixed Shapes





                          AIRO, I opened Tinkercad Codeblocks, but I see
                          so many colourful blocks! What do they do?



                                                         Each colour represents a type of block, like Shapes,
                                                       Modify or Control. They tell the computer what to do!






                          Oh! So I can build 3D designs just by
                          snapping these blocks together?


                                                                           Yes! It’s like solving a puzzle, each
                                                                                 block adds to your creation.






                          That’s awesome! Coding feels easy
                          and fun when it’s this colourful!



                                                                    Yes! AI helps me think smart, maybe one
                                                                  day I’ll even help you with your homework!







                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    33]]></page><page Index="36"><![CDATA[Coding becomes simple and engaging when done through Codeblocks. Instead of typing complex
                  commands, learners can use colourful, interlocking blocks to create programs. These blocks allow
                  users to design 3D models, control movements and perform actions with ease. The block-based
                  approach encourages creativity, logical thinking and a clear understanding of how coding works
                  in a fun, visual way.


                  UNDERSTANDING CODEBLOCKS

                  Codeblocks are colourful blocks  used  in block-based  programming  tools  like  MakeCode  or
                  Scratch. Each block represents a specific command or action, such as moving a robot, turning on
                  an LED or playing a sound.

                  Instead of typing long lines of code, you can drag and snap these blocks together like puzzle
                  pieces to create a program. This makes coding fun and easy for beginners, especially for students.

                  Each type of block has a different function. For example:

                     Input blocks: sense buttons or sensors.
                     Output blocks: control lights, motors or sounds.

                     Logic blocks: make decisions using “if” or “else”.

                     Loops: repeat actions many times.
                  By joining these blocks, you can make the other devices perform interesting tasks, like flashing

                  lights, displaying messages or controlling a robot.


                        Ask AIRO

                       How do robots understand the blocks we join together?



                  BENEFITS OF USING CODEBLOCKS


                  Codeblocks make learning to code simple, fun and visual, perfect for beginners.
                  Here’s why Codeblocks are useful:

                     Easy to understand: Each block clearly shows what it does, so you can see how your program
                     works.

                     No typing errors: You don’t need to remember commands or spelling—just snap the blocks
                     together.

                     Interactive  learning:  You  can quickly  test  and see  what happens  when you  change  your
                     blocks.

                     Great for robots and circuits: Codeblocks work perfectly with tools like Tinkercad, helping
                     you control sensors, lights and motors.
                     Creative coding: You can build games, animations and smart projects easily.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 34]]></page><page Index="37"><![CDATA[If robots can build things faster and without
                                                   mistakes, should they replace human workers?
                                                                Justify your answer.





                 BASIC BLOCKS IN CODEBLOCKS

                 In Tinkercad  Codeblocks, you  use  blocks  to  give  instructions  to  the  computer.  Each  block
                 tells Tinkercad what to do,  just like commands in a game. These blocks are colourful and fit
                 together like puzzle pieces. They help you  create 3D shapes and move them around without
                 typing any code.

                 The different categories of Codeblocks are listed below.

                 Shapes

                 The Shapes blocks are used to create and control 3D shapes. These blocks let you build any object
                 by coding instead of dragging shapes manually.

                 Some of the important shape blocks are as follows:

                                Blocks                                          Description


                                                        This block makes a box or cube shape. You can set its
                        Add
                                                        length, width and height of all shapes.

                                                        This makes a cylinder (like a pipe or tube). You can set the
                        Add
                                                        radius and height.

                                                        This block makes a ball-shaped (round) object. You can
                        Add
                                                        set the diameter (size of the sphere).

                                                        This block  makes  a  cone  shape  (pointed  top).  You  can
                        Add
                                                        change its top radius, bottom radius and height.


                 There are many more shapes in Codeblocks that you can add, like Round Roof, Wedge, Pyramid
                 and others.

                 Modify

                 The Modify blocks are used to change or adjust the shapes you have already created. While
                 Shapes blocks make objects, Modify blocks help you resize, move, rotate or style them. These
                 blocks give you more control over your 3D designs.









                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    35]]></page><page Index="38"><![CDATA[Some of the important modify blocks are as follows:

                                       Blocks                                         Description

                                                                    This block lets you select all the shapes in your
                    Select All
                                                                    workspace at once.

                                                                    This block  moves  a shape  to  a new position.
                    Move: X: 0  Y: 0  Z: 0                          You can move it left, right, forward, backward
                                                                    or up and down.

                                                                    This block rotates a shape around X, Y or Z axis
                    Rotate around  Axis x  by 90  Degrees from Pivot
                                                                    from pivot point.

                                                                    This block changes the size of a shape in length,
                    Scale: X: 1  Y: 1  Z: 1  from:  center
                                                                    width or height.
                                                                    This block is used to resize a shape from given
                    Set size:  X: 40  Y: 40  Z: 40  from:  center   point like center, bottom center or any custom
                                                                    point.

                                                                    This block  is used  to  select  the shape  whose

                    Copy                                            colour you want to copy and then use the block
                                                                    to apply the same colour to another shape.

                                                                    This block is used to add colour to your shape.
                    Set color


                                                                    This block is used to add colour to the shape by
                    Set color Red 255  Green  0  Blue  0
                                                                    using RGB value.
                                                                    This block  lets  you  change the color of a
                    Set color Hue 0  Saturation 100  Brightness 100  shape by  adjusting  three properties  like  hue,
                                                                    brightness and saturation.

                                                                    This block lets you make a shape see-through
                    Set transparency  False
                                                                    by changing its value like true or false.


                  Control

                  The Control blocks help you control how your program runs. Control blocks tell the computer
                  when and how to do things. Some of the important control blocks are as follows:

                                 Blocks                                          Description

                                                        This block lets you repeat a set of actions a certain number
                      Repeat 1  Times
                                                        of times.









                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 36]]></page><page Index="39"><![CDATA[Blocks                                         Description

                                                       This block is used to repeat actions multiple times while
                   Count with i  from  1  to  10  by  1
                                                       keeping track of a number.
                   Do


                                                       This block stops the program for a certain amount of time
                   Pause
                                                       before continuing.

                                                       This block  lets  the  program  make  decisions.  It  checks  a
                   if     then
                                                       condition  and if the condition  is true, it  runs  the blocks
                                                       inside it. If the condition is false, it skips them.

                                                       This block  lets  the  program  make  choices  based  on a
                   if      then
                                                       condition. If the condition is true, the blocks inside the then
                   else                                section run and if the condition is false, the blocks inside
                                                       the else section run.



                 Math

                 The Math blocks let you do calculations inside your code. These blocks are useful when you want
                 to set sizes, positions or repeat shapes dynamically instead of using fixed numbers. Math blocks
                 make your designs smart and flexible. Some of the important math blocks are as follows:

                               Blocks                                         Description

                                                     This block  is used  to  define a point  in 3D space  or give
                   X: 0  Y:  0  Z:  0                coordinates.  It helps where to  place  a shape along the X
                                                     (length), Y (width) and Z (height) axes.

                                                     This block represents the X, Y and Z axis in 3D space.
                    Axis x

                                                     This block lets you do operations between given numbers like
                    0  +   0
                                                     addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, etc.

                                                     This block is used to give the random number between the
                   Random between 0 and  10
                                                     given numbers.
                                                     This block is used to compare two given values like equal to,
                     0  =    0
                                                     greater than, less than, etc.
                                                     This block is used to combine two conditions.

                        and                          and: It checks if both conditions are true at the same time.
                                                     or: It checks if any of the given condition is true.


                    not                              This block is used to reverse the condition.





                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    37]]></page><page Index="40"><![CDATA[Variables

                  Variable blocks are like boxes that store information you can use later in your code. You can put
                  a number, word or value inside and change it whenever you want. Some of the important variable
                  blocks are as follows:
                               Blocks                                          Description

                                                     This block is used to create a new variable.
                        Create number variable...

                                                     This block represents a variable, which is like a container that
                     i
                                                     stores a number. In loops, it keeps track of the current count.

                                                     This block assigns a value to the variable.
                    Set  i  to 0

                                                     This block  is  used  to  increase  or decrease  the  value  of a
                    Change i   by 1
                                                     variable by a certain number.

                  Templates

                  The Templates category is used to save, reuse and organise blocks of code that you have already
                  created. Templates make coding easier instead of rebuilding the same set of blocks again and
                  again, you can store them once and use them whenever you need.

                  To create a new template, click on      Create Template   block.

                  Mark Up

                  The Mark Up category is used to add notes organise and label your code. These blocks don’t
                  change your 3D design, but they make your project easier to understand, especially when your
                  code gets long or when you’re sharing it with others. The Mark Up blocks used in Tinkercad are
                  given below:

                         Blocks                                         Description

                                        This block  is used  to  write  notes  inside  your  code.  Helps you  or others
                    //  Comments
                                        understand what the next blocks are doing.

                                        This block is used to display a message while your code runs. It helps you
                    Say Message
                                        show information, like the value of a variable or what the program is doing.


                  BUILD A TOWER USING REPEAT BLOCK

                  To build a tower in Codeblocks, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Click on the Create number variable button from the Variables block, type height
                               in textbox and click on the OK button.

                   STEP - 2    Add the Add Box block from the Shapes blocks category to make the base of the
                               tower and customise it with a width of 30, length of 30, height of 10 and Edge Steps
                               to 10.


                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 38]]></page><page Index="41"><![CDATA[STEP - 3   Drag and drop the Repeat Times block from the Control blocks and set the value to
                              9 and snap the following blocks inside it:

                                  Drag and drop the Move block from the Modify blocks and add the variable
                                  height block to the Z placeholder.
                                  Drag and drop the Add Box block from the Shapes blocks and customise it with
                                  a width of 20, length of 20 and height of 10.
                                  Drag and drop the Change by block from the Variables blocks and set its value
                                  to 10.

                  STEP - 4   Drag and drop the Add Roof block from the Shapes blocks and place it below the
                              Repeat Times block.

                  STEP - 5   Add the Move block from the Modify blocks and place it below the Add Roof block
                              and set its Z to 90.


                                    Add                   W 30  L  30  H 10  edge  0  Edge Steps  10
                                      Repeat 9  Times

                                     Move: X: 0  Y: 0  Z:  height

                                     Add                   W 20   L  20  H 10  edge  0  Edge Steps  10
                                     Change height  by 10


                                    Add                                             Tinkercad Codeblocks can be
                                                                       SMART
                                    Move: X: 0  Y: 0  Z: 90             SPARK      used to simulate robot behavior
                                                                                      before building a real one.
                 You will get the final output as shown:























                                                       CHALLENGE CHAIN

                  Suppose you want to build a staircase. Which blocks would you need along with Repeat () Times block?









                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    39]]></page><page Index="42"><![CDATA[DESIGN A PATTERN WITH MIXED SHAPES

                  In Tinkercad Codeblocks, you can design patterns using mixed shapes by combining various 3D
                  objects and arranging them in a pattern through code. To create a pattern, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1    Click on the Create Template button from the Templates blocks, type Flower in the

                               textbox and click on the OK button.
                   STEP - 2   Inside the Define Template Flower block, drag and place the following blocks:

                                   Drag and drop the Add Cylinder block from the Shapes blocks and change its
                                   colour to Crimson Red.
                                   Drag and drop the Scale block from the Modify blocks and change its values for
                                   X, Y and Z to 2, 0.5 and 1 respectively.

                                   Drag and drop the Move block from the Modify blocks and set its values for X, Y
                                   and Z to -20, 0 and 0 respectively.
                                   Drag and drop the Repeat Times block, set it to 17 times and snap the following

                                   blocks inside it:
                                   ∑  Copy block from the Modify blocks.

                                   ∑   Rotate block from the Modify blocks and change the Axis to Z and the angle
                                      to 140 degrees.
                                   ∑  Drag and drop the XYZ block from the Math blocks inside the Rotate block.

                                   Drag and drop the Add Cylinder block from the Shapes blocks and change its
                                   values for Radius, H, Sides, edge and Edge Steps to 12, 2 and 30 respectively and
                                   set it colour to Pastel Pink.

                                   Drag and drop the Move block from the Modify blocks and set its Z value to 10.


                                   Define Template Flower
                                   Add

                                   Scale: X: 2  Y: 0.5  Z: 1  from:  center
                                   Move: X: -20  Y: 0  Z: 0
                                     Repeat 17  Times

                                     Copy
                                     Rotate around  Axis z  by 140  Degrees from Pivot  X: 0  Y:  0  Z: 0


                                   Add                    Radius  12  H  2  Sides  30  edge  0  Edge Steps  1

                                   Move: X: 0  Y: 0  Z: 10










                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 40]]></page><page Index="43"><![CDATA[The pattern will be displayed as shown:
























                 ECOTECH      Design and simulate a robot in Tinkercad that can help keep the environment clean
                 ENERGY       by  automatically  sorting  waste.  If the  color  of the waste  is  green, move  it  to  the
                              recyclable bin; otherwise, move it to the non-recyclable bin.









                    «   Codeblocks  are colourful blocks  used  in block-based  programming  tools  like
                        MakeCode or Scratch.

                    «   Codeblocks make learning to code simple, fun and visual, perfect for beginners.
                    «   In Tinkercad Codeblocks, you use blocks to give instructions to the computer.

                    «   The Shapes blocks are used to create and control 3D shapes.
                    «   The Modify blocks are used to change or adjust the shapes you have already created.

                    «   The Control blocks help you control how your program runs.
                    «   The Math blocks let you do calculations inside your code.
                    «   Variable blocks are like boxes that store information you can use later in your code.









                                                           ROBO CHECK



                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                    1.  Which of the following blocks sense buttons or sensors?

                                 (i)  Input blocks                         (ii)  Output blocks

                                (iii)  Logic blocks                       (iv)  Loops



                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    41]]></page><page Index="44"><![CDATA[2.  Identify the block that makes ball-shaped object.

                                  (i)  Add Cylinder block                   (ii)  Add Box block

                                 (iii)  Add Sphere block                   (iv)  Add Cone block

                     3.  Mark the block that lets you select all the shapes in your workspace at once.

                                  (i)  Copy block                           (ii)  Select All block

                                 (iii)  Set color block                    (iv)  Set transparency block

                     4.  Which of the following block lets you repeat a set of actions a certain number of times?

                                  (i)  if then block                        (ii)  if then else block


                                 (iii)  Pause block                        (iv)  Repeat Times block
                     5.  Spot the block that is used to reverse the condition.


                                  (i)  not block                            (ii)  and block

                                 (iii)  Random block                       (iv)  XYZ block

                  B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:                                            Hints

                     1.  The                 blocks help you control how your program runs.                Add Box
                     2.                  block makes a box or cube shape.                                   Move

                     3.  The block that moves a shape to a new position is               block.             Pause
                                                                                                            Notes
                     4.                  block stops the program for a certain amount of time
                                                                                                           Control
                         before continuing.
                     5.  // (Comments) block is used to write                inside your code.

                  C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  Input blocks control lights, motors or sounds.


                     2.  You can set the radius and height in Add Cylinder block.

                     3.  Control blocks help you resize, move, rotate or style the shapes.

                     4.  Maths blocks are useful when you want to set sizes, positions or repeat shapes dynamically.

                     5.  Say [message] block is used to display a message while your code runs.



                  COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                  1.  Arjun accidentally made his 3D shape opaque but wants to make it slightly see-through to check the
                     structure inside. Which block should he use?
                  2.  Riya is designing a 3D shape and wants to change its colour using the RGB values. Which block will she
                     use to add colour to the shape?


                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 42]]></page><page Index="45"><![CDATA[Create a 3D drone with rotating blades using Tinkercad Codeblocks:

                    Create the body of the drone and resize it to fit the design.
                    Create one blade and duplicate it four times to make a total of four blades.
                    Position each blade evenly around the body of the drone and rotate each blade by 90° around
                    the Z-axis.





                 Goal



                 Setup






                 Observation





















                          After studying this chapter, students can pursue careers in fields such as robotics engineering,
                          game development, 3D design and more.




























                                                                      Introduction to Codeblocks in Tinkercad
                                                                                                                    43]]></page><page Index="46"><![CDATA[maker mission



                                                              Scribble Bot
                  Let’s build a fun robot that can draw on its own.

                  Materials Required:

                  n  Battery holder                n  Cells                      n  DC motor            n  Bottle cap

                  n  A plastic or paper cup        n  Double-sided tape          n  4 sketch pens

                  Follow these steps to build your scribble bot:


                    STEP - 1    Gather all the materials needed to make your
                                scribble bot.





                                                  STEP - 2    Fix four sketch pens around the cup’s rim using tape
                                                              with their tips facing downward.

                                                  STEP - 3    Connect the motor to the battery holder and attach
                                                              the bottle cap to the motor shaft.




                   STEP - 4    Fix the motor and battery holder on top of the cup
                                using tape, ensuring the motor’s shaft with the cap
                                faces outward.







                                                  STEP - 5    Decorate  your  scribble bot  with googly  eyes and
                                                              colourful wires to give it a fun, robotic look.






                   STEP - 6    Switch  on the  motor  and  let  your  scribble  bot  start
                                moving on the paper.






                  The scribble bot vibrates and draws colourful patterns as it moves around.








                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 44]]></page><page Index="47"><![CDATA[4







                                                                                                           Basics


                                                                                                  of Circuits



                                                                                              for Robotics






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Introduction to Electricity                 Circuit
                   Starting with Tinkercad Circuits            Building a Simple Torch Circuit
                   Building a Circuit Using Switch             Building a Motor Circuit





                          AIRO, how do circuits help
                          robots move?



                                                             Great question, AVINA! Circuits give robots the
                                                       power to move by sending electricity to their motors.






                          So, without electricity, robots
                          can’t move?


                                                                     Exactly! Just like a car needs fuel to run,
                                                                              robots need electricity to work.







                          That’s awesome! How do I
                          build a circuit?


                                                                          Let’s get started with a simple one.
                                                                         I'll guide you through it step by step!







                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    45]]></page><page Index="48"><![CDATA[In this chapter, you will explore the basics of electricity and circuits, which are essential for building
                  and understanding robots. You will cover key concepts like voltage, current and resistance and
                  how these elements are crucial for robot functionality.


                  INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

                  Electricity is a form of energy that is used every day to power
                  homes, schools and gadgets. It can make lights shine, fans spin
                  and computers work. Electrons carry energy that can be used
                  to do work.
                  There are two types of electrical materials as given below:

                     Conductors: They are the materials that allow electricity to
                     flow easily. For example, copper, aluminum and water.
                     Insulators: They are the materials that do not let electricity
                     pass through easily. For example, rubber, plastic and wood.

                  Electricity can come from different sources:
                     Batteries: These are small portable sources of electricity.
                     Power Plants: They produce electricity on a large scale and send it to homes and schools.
                     Solar Panels: They convert sunlight into electricity.

                  Current

                  Current is the flow of electrons through a wire or a circuit. You can think of it like
                  water flowing through a pipe, just as water flows to give energy to turn a water
                  wheel, electrons  flow to give  energy  to  devices like  bulbs,  fans and  computers.
                  The unit of current is Ampere (A).

                  There are two types of current:
                     Direct Current (DC): Electrons flow in one direction only. Example: batteries.
                     Alternating Current (AC): Electrons change direction repeatedly. Example: electricity in homes.

                  Voltage

                  Voltage is the push that makes electric current flow through a wire. You can think
                  of it like water in a tank, the higher the water in the tank, the stronger the push of       V
                  water through the pipe. Similarly, higher voltage pushes more electrons. Without
                  voltage, electrons won’t move and electrical devices like bulbs, fans or computers won’t work.
                  Voltage is measured in volts (V).

                  Resistance

                  Resistance is a property of a material that slows down the flow of electric current.
                  You can think of it like obstacles in a water pipe, the more obstacles, the harder it is
                  for water to flow. Similarly, resistance makes it harder for electrons to move through a wire.

                  Resistance helps control the flow of electricity. Without it, devices could get damaged by too much
                  current. Resistance is measured in ohms (W).


                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 46]]></page><page Index="49"><![CDATA[Some of the factors that affect resistance are:
                    Material: Metals have low resistance and rubber has high resistance.

                    Length of Wire: Longer wires have more resistance.
                    Thickness of Wire: Thicker wires have less resistance.

                    Temperature: Higher temperature can increase resistance in some materials.

                 Why Robots Need Electricity?

                 Robots are machines that can move, sense and perform tasks. To do all these things, robots need
                 energy and most robots get this energy from electricity.

                 Key Reasons Robots Need Electricity
                 Some of the reasons why robots need electricity are:

                    To Move: Robots use motors to move wheels, arms or legs. Electricity powers these motors,
                    making the robot go forward, backward or perform actions.

                    To Think (Processing): Robots have microcontrollers or computers
                    inside them. These devices need electricity to process information
                    and make decisions.

                    To Sense the Environment: Robots  use  sensors  to  detect  light,
                    distance,  temperature  or obstacles.  Electricity  powers  these
                    sensors so the robot can see and feel its surroundings.

                    To Communicate: Some robots can send signals, display messages
                    or connect to the internet. Electricity powers their communication
                    systems.

                    To Perform Tasks Efficiently: Whether picking objects, cleaning or assembling items, robots
                    use electricity to perform tasks faster and more accurately than humans.



                 CIRCUIT


                 A circuit is a closed path that allows electric current to flow
                 from a power source to an electrical device and back. Think
                 of it like a race track, the electrons (tiny particles that carry
                 electricity)  move  along the  track  to  deliver  energy  to  the
                 devices and then return to the start.

                 Electricity cannot move on its own, it needs a path to flow. A
                 circuit provides that path. If the path is complete, electricity can
                 flow and power devices like bulbs, fans, motors or computers.
                 If the path is broken anywhere (like a wire is cut or a switch is
                 open), the electricity stops and the device will not work.




                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    47]]></page><page Index="50"><![CDATA[Types of Circuit

                  Electric circuits can be connected in different ways. The two main types of circuit are:
                  1.  Series  Circuit: In series  circuit,  components are connected  one  after
                     another in a single path. The current flows through each component one by
                     one. If one component stops working, the whole circuit stops. For example,
                     old-style string lights, where one bulb going off turns off all lights.

                  2.  Parallel Circuit: In parallel circuit, components are connected in separate
                     paths, so electricity can flow through multiple paths. If one component stops
                     working, others continue to work. For example, modern home wiring, where
                     lights and fans work independently.


                  STARTING WITH TINKERCAD CIRCUITS

                  Tinkercad Circuits is an online simulator that lets you design and test electronic circuits without
                  real components. You can connect parts to create interactive projects.
                  To open Tinkercad Circuits, go to Tinkercad in your browser and click the Create button on the
                  right side of the screen. From the dropdown menu, choose Circuits. This will open the Tinkercad
                  Circuits workspace where you can design and simulate electronic projects.

























                  Components of a Tinkercad Circuits

                  The components of Tinkercad circuits interface are as follows:
                     Project name: This shows the name of your project in Tinkercad. You can click on it to give
                     your project a new name.

                     Toolbar: The Toolbar has tools and buttons that help you work with your circuit. You can use
                     it to move, rotate, delete parts or change wire colors and types.

                     Code: This is where you can write or use block code to control your circuit. You can make lights
                     blink, motors move or buzzers sound using code.
                     Start/Stop Simulation: Click this button to start your circuit and see how it works. Click it
                     again to stop the circuit.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 48]]></page><page Index="51"><![CDATA[Views: These tools help you zoom in or out and adjust how your circuit looks on the screen.
                    Component List: This shows all the parts that you’ve added to your project, such as LEDs,
                    switches or resistors.

                    Send To: You can use this to share your project with your friends or teacher by sending a link.
                    Component Library: This section has all the electronic parts you can use, like batteries, bulbs,
                    LEDs, motors and sensors. Just drag and drop them into your workspace.

                    Workspace: This is your main working area. You can place, connect and arrange parts here
                    to build your circuit.

                           Project Name                           Code        Views     Component List




                                                                                               Send To

                                                     Start/Stop Simulation

                                Toolbar
                                                                                                Component Library



                                         Workspace











                 Electrical Components in Tinkercad Circuits

                 Some of the basic electrical components used in Tinkercad are:

                   Component             Image                                  Description

                  LED                                   An LED (Light Emitting Diode) changes electrical energy
                                                        into  light. It has a longer leg (anode,  +) for the  positive
                                                        side of the circuit and a shorter leg (cathode, -) for the
                                                        negative side.

                  Light Bulb                            A  light bulb  is  a  component  that  shows  how electricity
                                                        flows through a circuit and makes a bulb light up. It helps
                                                        to understand how electrical energy is used to create light.




                  Resistor                              A resistor helps control the flow of electricity to protect the
                                                        parts of the circuit. It is used to change the brightness of
                                                        lights or control the speed of motors.



                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    49]]></page><page Index="52"><![CDATA[Component             Image                                  Description

                   Battery                               A battery stores energy and releases it to power a circuit.
                                                         It changes chemical energy into electrical energy.



                   Slideswitch                           A slideswitch controls electricity flow. When closed, it lets
                                                         electricity  pass  through, turning  on  components.  When
                                                         open, it stops the flow, turning off connected devices.

                   Breadboard                            A breadboard  is used  to build  and test  circuits without
                                                         the need for soldering. It lets you easily place and change
                                                         components to make your circuit work.



                   Jumper Wires                          Jumper  wires are used  to  connect  different parts of a
                                                         circuit,  letting  electricity  flow  between  them. They are
                                                         colour-coded: red for positive and black for negative.


                   DC Motor                              A DC motor is a component that converts electrical energy
                                                         into  mechanical motion.  When connected  to a power
                                                         source, it spins and can be used to move objects or drive
                                                         wheels.

                   Pushbutton                            A pushbutton is an input device that allows you to control
                                                         the flow of electricity through a circuit by either opening
                                                         or closing the circuit. It is a simple mechanical switch that,
                                                         when pressed, completes the circuit and when released,
                                                         breaks the circuit.



                          VISUAL VAULT

                          Identify the following components in Tinkercad circuits and write their names:

                           1.                 2.                     3.                         4.












                                                      DC motors convert electrical energy into
                                        SMART
                                        SPARK      mechanical motion to drive wheels of robots or
                                                                   perform tasks.





                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 50]]></page><page Index="53"><![CDATA[BUILDING A SIMPLE TORCH CIRCUIT

                 A torch is a simple device that produces light using an electric circuit.
                 To build a simple torch circuit, follow the given steps:


                  STEP - 1   Drag a Light bulb from the Output category of components to the workspace.






















                  STEP - 2   Drag one 9V Battery from the Power category of components to the workspace.






















                  STEP - 3   Connect Terminal 1 of bulb with Positive terminal of battery.


                  STEP - 4   Connect Terminal 2 with Negative terminal of battery.

                  STEP - 5   Start the simulation by clicking on Start Simulation button.






















                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    51]]></page><page Index="54"><![CDATA[You will notice the bulb will start glowing.























                  The simulation can be stopped by clicking the Stop Simulation button.


                                    A robot is designed to clean the streets of busy and less populated areas, but it
                                     can only work in one neighbourhood at a time. Which neighbourhood should it
                                                                  clean first? Explain.




                  BUILDING A CIRCUIT USING SWITCH

                  A switch is a device that helps control the flow of electricity in a circuit. It allows you to turn
                  electrical components, like a bulb, on and off easily.

                  To build a circuit using a switch, follow the given steps:

                    STEP - 1   Drag a Light bulb from the Output category of components to the workspace.

                   STEP - 2   Drag one 9V Battery from the Power category of components to the workspace.

                   STEP - 3   Drag a Slideswitch from the Input category of components to the workspace.

























                   STEP - 4   Connect the Positive terminal of battery with Terminal 2 of Slideswitch.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 52]]></page><page Index="55"><![CDATA[STEP - 5   Connect the Common terminal of Slideswitch with Terminal 1 of Light bulb.

                  STEP - 6   Connect the Negative terminal of battery with Terminal 2 of Light bulb.

























                  STEP - 7   Click on Start Simulation button.

                  STEP - 8   Click on Slideswitch to turn on the Light bulb.



























                        Ask AIRO

                        What happens if a circuit is broken? Why does it stop working?





                 BUILDING A MOTOR CIRCUIT

                 A motor is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. It helps
                 machines and robots move parts like wheels or arms.

                 To build a motor circuit, follow the given steps:

                  STEP - 1   Drag one 9V Battery from the Power category of components to the workspace.


                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    53]]></page><page Index="56"><![CDATA[STEP - 2   Drag a Slideswitch from the Input category of components to the workspace.

                   STEP - 3   Drag one DC Motor from the Output category of components to the workspace.























                   STEP - 4   Connect the Negative terminal of battery with Terminal 1 of Slideswitch.


                   STEP - 5   Connect the Positive terminal of battery with Terminal 2 of DC Motor.

                   STEP - 6   Connect the Common terminal of Slideswitch with Terminal 1 of DC Motor.
























                   STEP - 7   Click on Start Simulation button.
























                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 54]]></page><page Index="57"><![CDATA[STEP - 8   Click on the Slideswitch to spin the DC Motor. The motor will spin in clockwise direction
                              with 17568 rpm.


























                                                       CHALLENGE CHAIN
                  In a circuit with a battery, light bulb, slideswitch and DC motor, imagine one wire is damaged or
                  disconnected. Explain what will happen to the bulb and motor if the circuit is not complete.










                 ECOTECH      Robots in waste management facilities use electricity to power motors and sensors, allowing
                 ENERGY       them to autonomously sort recyclable materials, reducing human intervention and increasing
                              efficiency in recycling processes.








                    «   Electricity is a form of energy that is used every day to power homes, schools and
                        gadgets.

                    «   Resistance is a property of a material that slows down the flow of electric current.
                    «   Robots are machines that can move, sense and perform tasks.

                    «   A circuit is a closed path that allows electric current to flow from a power source to an electrical
                        device and back.

                    «   There are two types of circuit: Series circuit and Parallel circuit.
                    «   Tinkercad Circuits is an online simulator that lets you design and test electronic circuits without
                        real components.

                    «   A torch is a simple device that produces light using an electric circuit.




                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    55]]></page><page Index="58"><![CDATA[3.  Electricity cannot move on its own, it needs a path to flow.

                                                            ROBO CHECK                                                                          4.  Component Library section has all the electronic parts you can use.

                                                                                                                                                5.   A Slideswitch is used to connect different parts of a circuit.
                  A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.

                     1.  Which of the following material is a conductor?
                                                                                                                                            COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS
                                  (i)  Wood                                 (ii)  Copper
                                                                                                                                            1.  Vishal is designing  a robot  circuit  in Tinkercad  Circuits.  He wants to  protect  his components  by
                                 (iii)  Rubber                             (iv)  Plastic
                                                                                                                                                controlling the current flow. How can he achieve this?
                     2.  Identify the unit of current.                                                                                      2.  Jay is building a circuit for his home lighting project. He wants to ensure that when one light goes out,

                                  (i)  Ampere (A)                           (ii)  volts (V)                                                     the others keep working. What circuit should Jay set up to make it happen?

                                 (iii)  ohms (W)                           (iv)  None of these
                     3.  Mark the component of Tinkercad circuits interface that shows the name of your project.

                                  (i)  Views                                (ii)  Toolbar

                                 (iii)  Code                               (iv)  Project Name

                     4.  Spot the basic electrical component of Tinkercad circuits that changes chemical energy into
                         electrical energy.

                                  (i)  LED                                  (ii)  Resistor

                                 (iii)  Battery                            (iv)  DC Motor

                     5.  Choose the component that is used to build and test circuits without the need for soldering.
                                  (i)  Breadboard                           (ii)  Jumper Wires

                                 (iii)  Light Bulb                         (iv)  Slideswitch


                  B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:
                     1.                  can make lights shine, fans spin and computers work.              Hints

                     2.  Voltage is measured in                .                                         Series circuit
                     3.  In               , components are connected one after another in a single        DC motor
                         path.                                                                              Tools
                                                                                                           Buttons
                     4.  The Toolbar has                 and                 that help you work with      Electricity
                         your circuit.
                                                                                                            Volts
                     5.  A                 is a component that converts electrical energy into
                         mechanical motion.


                  C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  Insulators are the materials that allow electricity to flow easily.

                     2.  Batteries are small portable sources of electricity.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 56]]></page><page Index="59"><![CDATA[3.  Electricity cannot move on its own, it needs a path to flow.

                    4.  Component Library section has all the electronic parts you can use.

                    5.   A Slideswitch is used to connect different parts of a circuit.



                 COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  Vishal is designing  a robot  circuit  in Tinkercad  Circuits.  He wants to  protect  his components  by
                    controlling the current flow. How can he achieve this?
                 2.  Jay is building a circuit for his home lighting project. He wants to ensure that when one light goes out,
                    the others keep working. What circuit should Jay set up to make it happen?










                 Create a circuit for an alarm system that rings when the slideswitch is turned on.

                    Use a 9V battery as the power source.
                    Use a slideswitch as the control switch.

                    Use a piezo buzzer as the alarm.





                 Goal



                 Setup






                 Observation


















                          After  learning  Tinkercad  circuits,  students  can  build their  careers  in  fields  like  electrical
                          engineering, robotics engineering, AI and machine learning.



                                                                              Basics of Circuits for Robotics
                                                                                                                    57]]></page><page Index="60"><![CDATA[maker mission



                                                              Electric Fan
                  Let’s build the electric fan at home using common materials.

                  Materials Required:

                      Cardboard                    Paper                     Scissors

                      Pliers                       Ruler                     Pencil

                      Wires                        9V battery                DC motor
                  Follow the given steps to create the electric fan:




                   STEP - 1     Cut  the  paper  into  strips  with  scissors  to  make  blades  of
                               a fan.






                                                   STEP - 2     Add glue to the paper strips and paste them with the
                                                                spindle of a DC motor.






                   STEP - 3     Prepare the wires by cutting their rubber coating with pliers.







                                                   STEP - 4     Connect a wire with one terminal of DC motor with positive

                                                               terminal  of a battery  and another wire with negative
                                                               terminal of battery and another terminal of DC motor.






                   STEP - 5     After connection, you will notice fan will start spinning.

















                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 58]]></page><page Index="61"><![CDATA[5







                                                                                                       Building


                                                                                                  the Future



                                                                                     with 3D Printing






                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES


                   Introduction to 3D Printing                     Materials used in 3D Printing
                   Applications of 3D Printing                     Future of 3D Printing







                          Hey AIRO, how do 3D printers
                          make objects?



                                                        They build objects layer by layer, using materials like
                                                                   plastic or metal, following a digital design.






                          So, like how I stack my books
                          to make a tower?


                                                            Exactly! But instead of books, its materials being
                                                                                 deposited in very thin layers.






                          That sounds amazing! Can they
                          print anything?



                                                                Almost anything! From toys to buildings, the
                                                                                     possibilities are endless!







                                                                          Building the Future with 3D Printing
                                                                                                                    59]]></page><page Index="62"><![CDATA[3D printing is a transformative technology that creates physical objects from digital designs by
                  building them layer by layer. It offers great flexibility, enabling innovations in fields like medicine,
                  aerospace and fashion. This chapter covers the basics of 3D printing, including how it works, the
                  materials used and its growing impact across industries.


                  INTRODUCTION TO 3D PRINTING

                  3D printing is a technology that creates physical objects
                  from a digital design. It involves making three-dimensional
                  items by layering materials. This method is used to produce
                  a wide range of objects, from toys and tools to medical
                  devices and even buildings, offering a fast, creative and
                  custom way to make things.

                  How Does 3D Printing Work?

                  The working of 3D printing is given below:
                  1.  Create a 3D Model: First, you need a digital design of the object you want to make. This is
                     done on a computer using special software like Tinkercad. The design can be anything: a toy,
                     a tool or even a part for a machine. It’s like drawing your object, but in 3D, not flat.

                  2.  Prepare  the Design  for Printing:  Once the  3D
                     model  is  ready,  the  design  is  saved  as a file      SMART        In 2014, Local Motors
                     that the 3D printer can understand, usually in a          SPARK      introduced the Strati, the
                     format called STL. This file is then uploaded to the                world’s first 3D-printed car.
                     3D printer.

                  3.   Layer by Layer Printing: Once ready, the 3D printer builds the object layer by layer, unlike
                     traditional flat printing. It uses materials like plastic, metal or even food, which are melted or
                     softened and deposited in thin layers.
                  4.  Finishing Touches: After printing, the object may need cleaning or smoothing, with excess
                     material removed. Some printers use special materials that harden after printing to strengthen
                     the object.


                  MATERIALS USED IN 3D PRINTING

                  In 3D printing, a variety of materials can be used to create different types of objects. The material
                  you choose depends on what kind of object you want to make and what properties the object
                  needs to have (like strength, flexibility or appearance).

                  Here are the most common materials used in 3D printing:
                  1.  Plastic (PLA and ABS): There are two types of plastic material used in 3D printing as
                     mentioned below:

                         PLA (Polylactic Acid): PLA is an eco-friendly 3D printing material made from renewable
                         resources like corn starch and sugarcane. It’s easy to use, ideal for models and decorations,
                         but not suitable for heavy-duty objects due to its limited strength and heat resistance.


                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 60]]></page><page Index="63"><![CDATA[ABS (Acrylonitrile  Butadiene Styrene):  ABS  is  a  durable,  heat-resistant  plastic  used
                       for items like tools and toys. It’s tougher to print with than PLA due to its higher printing
                       temperature.
                 2.  Nylon: Nylon is a strong, flexible and durable material often used for functional parts like
                    gears and bearings. It’s resistant to wear and tear and can bend without breaking. This makes
                    it ideal for items that need to endure movement or pressure.

                 3.  Resin: Resin is a liquid  material  that  is used in certain  types  of 3D printers  called SLA
                    (Stereolithography) printers. The printer uses light to harden the resin into solid layers. Resin
                    can create highly detailed objects and has a smooth finish.
                 4.  Metal: Metal 3D printing creates strong, durable objects that can withstand high
                    temperatures and heavy loads. Common materials include stainless steel, titanium and
                    aluminium. It’s widely used in industries like aerospace, automotive and medical for
                    making specialised parts.

                 5.  Flexible  Materials  (TPU): Thermoplastic  Polyurethane  (TPU)  is a flexible material,  like
                    rubber, that can be used for making objects that need to bend or stretch. TPU is durable,
                    wear-resistant and can bounce back into shape after being bent or stretched.
                 6.  Concrete: Concrete  3D printing  is  used  to  build  large-scale structures  by  layering  mixed
                    concrete. It’s still in development but has the potential to make construction faster and more
                    cost-effective. Large printers are used to create walls and other parts of buildings.

                 7.   Carbon Fiber: Carbon Fiber is a lightweight and extremely strong material. It’s often used to
                    create objects that need to be both strong and light. Carbon fiber is usually combined with
                    other materials (like plastic) to create a strong composite material.


                                            Should robots be allowed to make important decisions, like in
                                            self-driving cars? What happens if a robot makes the wrong
                                             decision and how should we ensure it doesn't harm people?



                 APPLICATIONS OF 3D PRINTING

                 3D printing is used in many different fields to create a wide range of objects. It is being applied in
                 real-life applications across various industries.

                 Medicine and Healthcare

                 In medical field, 3D printing is used in the following ways:

                    Prosthetics  (Artificial  Limbs): 3D printing  is  used  to
                    create prosthetic limbs for people who have lost arms or
                    legs. The printer can make customised prosthetics that
                    fit the person perfectly and they are often cheaper and
                    quicker to make than traditional methods.






                                                                          Building the Future with 3D Printing
                                                                                                                    61]]></page><page Index="64"><![CDATA[Medical Models: Doctors can create 3D printed models of organs or body parts to study and
                     plan surgeries. This helps them understand how to perform complex surgeries more easily
                     and safely.

                     Personalised Implants: For people who need a special part of their body replaced, 3D printing
                     can create custom implants (such as hip replacements) that are made specifically for them.
                  Aerospace (Airplanes and Spacecraft)

                  In Aerospace, 3D printing is used to create following parts:

                                                             Lightweight parts: In the aerospace industry, 3D printing
                                                             is  used  to  make  parts  of airplanes  and  spacecraft.
                                                             3D printed parts are often lighter and stronger, which
                                                             is very important for planes and rockets.
                                                             Complex  designs: 3D printing  enables  engineers
                                                             to  create  complex  parts, like  jet  engine  or rocket
                                                             components, that are difficult to make with traditional
                                                             methods, reducing weight and improving performance.

                  Automobile Industry

                  In automobiles, 3D printing is used create the following parts:

                     Car parts:  Car  manufacturers  use  3D printing  to
                     create  parts  of cars, especially  when  they  need to
                     make custom or replacement parts quickly. This helps
                     companies save money and time, especially for rare or
                     older car models.
                      Prototyping: Before making a new car, manufacturers
                     can print  prototypes  (models)  of parts or the whole
                     car to test designs and make improvements. It’s much
                     faster and cheaper than making full-sized models from
                     metal or other materials.

                  Fashion and Jewellery

                  3D printing  plays  a major  role in the world  of fashion and jewellery. It is used  to  create  the
                  given parts:

                                                             Fashion and clothing: 3D printing is transforming the
                                                             fashion industry  by  creating  customised  clothing and
                                                             shoes. Designers can print fabrics with unique textures
                                                             and patterns, offering new possibilities for fashion.
                                                             Customised  jewellery: Designers  use  3D printing  to
                                                             craft unique jewellery pieces, such as rings, necklaces
                                                             and bracelets.  This technology  allows for intricate
                                                             designs that would be challenging to create by hand.



                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 62]]></page><page Index="65"><![CDATA[Art and Sculpture

                 3D printing is also used to create artistic things as given below:
                    Creating  sculptures: Artists  use  3D printing to  make
                    sculptures, both small and large. 3D printing allows them
                    to  experiment  with  shapes  and  textures  that  would  be
                    hard to make using traditional materials like clay or stone.

                    Creative designs: Artists can print 3D objects that push
                    the  boundaries  of creativity.  For example,  3D printing
                    allows them  to  create  objects  that  look  like  they  are
                    floating or have very unusual shapes.
                 Food Industry

                 In food industry, 3D printing is used to print the following items:

                                                         Food: 3D printing  can even  be  used  to  print  food.
                                                          Chocolate,  dough and even pasta  can be printed into
                                                          different shapes  and designs.  It’s being  used  in some
                                                          restaurants  to  make  customised  food  shapes  or  even
                                                          artistic food designs.
                                                         Custom candy or cake decorations: Some bakeries and
                                                          chefs use 3D printing  to  create  custom  cake  toppers,
                                                          cookies and other creative food designs.

                 Construction and Buildings

                 3D printing is also being explored for use in construction and is currently under development. It is
                 being utilised in the following ways:

                    Printing houses: 3D printing is being used to print parts of houses or even entire homes. 3D
                    printed  houses can be built  much faster and cheaper
                    than traditional homes, making it a possible solution for
                    affordable housing in the future.
                    Architectural models: Architects use 3D printing to
                    create detailed models of buildings before they are
                    built. This helps them understand how their designs will
                    look and how to improve them.

                                                     Education

                                                     In education, 3D printing is used to create the following things:
                                                        Learning  tools: 3D printing  is used  in schools  to  make
                                                         learning tools. For example, models of the human body,
                                                         geometric shapes and even historical landmarks can be
                                                         printed to help students learn.





                                                                          Building the Future with 3D Printing
                                                                                                                    63]]></page><page Index="66"><![CDATA[Creative projects: Students can also use 3D printers to create their own projects, such as
                     robots, toys or engineering prototypes, helping them understand STEM (Science, Technology,
                     Engineering and Mathematics) concepts.

                  Entertainment and Movies

                  In the field of entertainment, 3D printing is used to print following things:

                                                      Movie props: 3D printing is used in the film industry to create
                                                     movie props and special effects. For example, in the movie Star
                                                     Wars, 3D printing was used to create models of spaceships and
                                                     characters.  These models are more  detailed  and quicker  to
                                                     make than traditional props.

                                                      Costumes and  set design: 3D  printing  can also create
                                                     costumes  and sets  for films or plays.  Designers can create
                                                     detailed objects like armour, weapons or even entire sets to
                                                     make the story come to life.


                        Ask AIRO

                       How do engineers use 3D printing to make airplane parts lighter and stronger?




                          VISUAL VAULT
                          Guess the field for the following items and write your answer in the space provided:

                          1.                               2.                             3.















                  FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING

                  3D printing is rapidly changing the world around us. As the technology continues to improve, it
                  will have a huge impact on various industries and everyday life. The future of 3D printing is full of
                  potential, as technology advancing rapidly.















                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 64]]></page><page Index="67"><![CDATA[3D printing technology is advancing rapidly, leading to several key improvements:
                    Faster printing: New methods and more efficient machines will shorten production times,
                    enabling quicker creation of large objects that currently take hours or days to print.

                    Higher precision: Future printers will offer greater accuracy, allowing for detailed and intricate
                    designs that weren’t possible before.
                    Advanced  software: Enhanced  design  tools will  enable  more  complex  and sophisticated
                    creations,  making  3D printing  more  accessible  to  a  wider  range of users, from artists  to
                    engineers.

                    Larger printable sizes: Printers will increase in size, enabling the creation of larger objects, from
                    sculptures to industrial components.

                    Better materials: Researchers are developing stronger, lighter and more flexible materials,
                    allowing for more durable and functional products.
                    Improved user experience: User-friendly interfaces will make 3D printers easier to operate,
                    even for beginners.


                 ECOTECH      Some 3D printers are designed to use recycled plastics and other materials, helping
                 ENERGY       to reduce waste and lower the environmental impact of manufacturing.








                    «   3D Printing is a technology that creates physical objects from a digital design.

                    «   In 3D printing, a variety of materials can be used to create different types of objects.
                    «   Nylon is a strong, flexible and durable material often used for functional parts like gears and
                        bearings.

                    «   3D printing is used in many different fields to create a wide range of objects.
                    «   3D printing is used to create prosthetic limbs for people who have lost arms or legs.
                    «   The future of 3D printing is full of potential, with technology advancing rapidly.









                                                           ROBO CHECK



                 A.  Tick ( ) the correct option.
                    1.  Which of the following is used to create 3D printing?

                                (i)  Flat drawing                          (ii)  Digital designs

                               (iii)  Paper sketches                      (iv)  Photo images



                                                                          Building the Future with 3D Printing
                                                                                                                    65]]></page><page Index="68"><![CDATA[2.  Spot the liquid material used in 3D printing.
                                                                                                                                            COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS
                                 (i)  Resin                                 (ii)  Plastic
                                                                                                                                            1.  Priya wants to build a custom necklace for her friend’s birthday using 3D printing. She wants a unique
                                                                                                                                                design with intricate details. Which material will Priya use to ensure the necklace has a smooth finish
                                (iii)  Nylon                               (iv)  Metal
                                                                                                                                                and high detail?
                     3.  Select the correct application of 3D printing in the medical field.
                                                                                                                                            2.  During a school project, Rahul needs to print a part that will be used in a machine. He wants to use a
                                 (i)  Toys                                  (ii)  Prosthetics                                                   material that can bend without breaking. Which material should Rahul use for the part?

                                (iii)  Car parts                           (iv)  Buildings

                     4.  Mark the full form of ABS.

                                 (i)  Atomic Binding Structure              (ii)  Automated Battery Styrene


                                (iii)  Advanced Butadiene Styrene          (iv)  Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
                     5.  Identify how 3D printing is used in fashion and jewellery.


                                 (i)  Creating customised clothing          (ii)  Making movie props

                                (iii)  Designing car prototypes            (iv)  Printing food designs

                  B.  Fill in the blanks using the given hints:

                     1.  3D printing is a technology that creates              objects from a
                                                                                                           Hints
                         digital design.
                                                                                                            PLA
                     2.                  is made from renewable resources like corn starch or
                                                                                                         3D printing
                         sugarcane.
                                                                                                          Physical
                     3.  Artists use                to make sculptures, both small and large.             Learning

                     4.  3D printing is used in schools to make               tools.                     Architects
                     5.                  use 3D printing to create detailed models of buildings
                         before they are built.

                  C.  Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

                     1.  Concrete 3D printing is used to build small objects like toys and tools.

                     2.  3D printing is used in the film industry to create movie props and special effects.


                     3.   Some bakeries and chefs use 3D printing to create custom cake toppers, cookies
                         and other creative food designs.

                     4.   Designers use 3D printing to craft unique jewellery pieces, such as rings, necklaces
                         and bracelets.

                     5.  3D printing cannot create customized jewellery pieces.







                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 66]]></page><page Index="69"><![CDATA[COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS

                 1.  Priya wants to build a custom necklace for her friend’s birthday using 3D printing. She wants a unique
                    design with intricate details. Which material will Priya use to ensure the necklace has a smooth finish
                    and high detail?
                 2.  During a school project, Rahul needs to print a part that will be used in a machine. He wants to use a
                    material that can bend without breaking. Which material should Rahul use for the part?





                                                            CASE STUDY




                    Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps make 3D printing even smarter. AI can analyse designs before printing
                    and suggest better shapes that use less material but stay strong. It can also detect printing errors
                    and fix them automatically. In the future, AI might allow printers to work on their own, choosing
                    the best materials, adjusting settings and completing projects faster. Together, 3D printing and AI
                    are changing how things are made, making the process more efficient, creative and eco-friendly.


                  Based on the above case, answer the following questions:

                  1.  How does AI improve the process of 3D printing?


                  2.  Describe one way AI makes 3D printing more efficient.


                  3.  What is the combined impact of 3D printing and AI on how things are made?










                          After studying  3D printing, you  can pursue career in  the fields like  3D printing  Engineering,
                          Product designing, Aerospace designing, etc.





















                                                                          Building the Future with 3D Printing
                                                                                                                    67]]></page><page Index="70"><![CDATA[WINDMILL

                                                                   Design  and  simulate  a  windmill  circuit  using

                                                                   Tinkercad,  learn about  electricity,  circuits  and
                                                                   motors  and  create  a  program  to  control  the
                                                                   windmill's blades.

                           CAPSTONE PROJECT









                  Session 1: Designing the Windmill Model

                  Activities
                  1.  Introduction to Tinkercad and 3D Design

                      Task: Learn how to use Tinkercad for 3D design by exploring its interface and tools.

                      Skills Practiced
                      n  Understanding the workplane in Tinkercad.

                      n  Using basic 3D shapes (box, cylinder, sphere) to create models.

                  2.  Building the Windmill Structure
                        Task: Design the basic structure of a windmill by combining 3D shapes to create the tower

                      and blades.
                      n  Use a box to create the base (tower) of the windmill.

                      n  Use cylinders for the windmill's blades.
                      n  Customise the sizes and arrange the shapes to form a complete windmill.

                      Skills Practiced

                      n  Resizing and positioning shapes to design the windmill.
                      n  Customising colours and shapes in Tinkercad.

                  Outcome for Session 1

                  A 3D model of a windmill with blades and a tower.

                  Session 2: Programming the Windmill’s Movement
                  Activities

                  1.  Introduction to Codeblocks for Controlling Movement

                        Task: Learn how to use Tinkercad Codeblocks to program the movement of the windmill
                      blades.




                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 68]]></page><page Index="71"><![CDATA[Skills Practiced

                     n  Dragging and dropping Codeblocks to control the circuit.

                     n  Using repeat blocks to control the motor’s rotation.
                     n  Programming the Windmill’s Movement

                 2.  Programming the Windmill Blade Rotation
                       Task: Create a program to control the DC motor's rotation. Program the windmill blades to

                     rotate for a set period when the button is pressed.
                     Steps:

                       1   Use a Repeat block to control how long the motor runs.

                       2    Set up the program so that pressing the button starts the windmill blades rotating.
                       Skills Practiced: Using logic blocks and repeat blocks in Tinkercad Codeblocks to control the
                     motor's movement.

                 3.  Final Testing and Integration

                       Task: Test the full system to ensure that the windmill blades rotate when the button is
                     pressed. Verify that the program correctly controls the motor.

                     Skills Practiced
                     n   Debugging the code and ensuring everything works together (motor + program).

                     n  Finalising the design and programming.

                 Outcome for Session 2

                 A  fully  functioning  windmill powered  by  a  motor, with  programming  that  controls  the  blade
                 rotation through a button.

                 Session 3: Creating the Motor Circuit to Power the Windmill

                 Activities

                 1.  Introduction to Basic Circuits and Motors

                       Task: Learn how circuits and motors work to power devices like a windmill.

                     Skills Practiced
                     n  Understanding how a DC motor powers the windmill blades.

                     n  Learning about circuits, battery and pushbutton.

                 2.  Building the Motor Circuit
                     Task: Create a circuit in Tinkercad Circuits to power the windmill's motor.









                                                                                         Capstone Project
                                                                                                                    69]]></page><page Index="72"><![CDATA[Steps:

                        1   Add a DC motor to rotate the windmill blades.
                        2   Connect a battery to power the motor.

                        3   Use a pushbutton to control the circuit (on/off).

                      Skills Practiced
                      n  Connecting a DC motor, battery and pushbutton.

                      n  Creating a simple circuit that powers the motor.

                  3.  Final Testing
                        Task: Run the Tinkercad simulation to test if the motor powers the windmill blades when the
                      pushbutton is pressed.

                      Skills Practiced

                      n  Using the Start Simulation feature in Tinkercad.
                      n  Ensuring the motor runs and turns the windmill blades.

                  Outcome for Session 3

                  A working motor circuit that powers the windmill blades with a pushbutton control.


                  Final Deliverables

                  Tick ( ) the box if submitted:

                  n  A 3D model of the windmill designed in Tinkercad.


                  n  A Tinkercad Codeblock program that controls the windmill’s rotation.

                  n  A working motor circuit in Tinkercad Circuits that powers the windmill blades.
































                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 70]]></page><page Index="73"><![CDATA[components list



                                               A light bulb is an electrical device that produces light when electricity
                                               passes  through  it. It works by heating  a filament  inside,  which  then

                                               glows to create light.
                          Light bulb

                                               A battery is a device that stores electrical energy and provides power to
                                               electronic devices.


                           Battery

                                               Wires  are used to  carry electrical  current between  components  in a
                                               circuit.  They are made  of conductive  materials,  like  copper  and are
                                               insulated to prevent short circuits.

                            Wires

                                               A slide switch is a simple electrical switch that opens or closes a circuit
                                               by sliding a lever. It is commonly used to turn devices on or off.

                          Sideswitch

                                               A DC motor is a machine that turns electrical energy into movement. It
                                               has a magnet and a coil of wire. When electric current flows through the
                                               coil, it creates a force that makes the motor spin. This spinning is what

                          DC Motor             powers things like fans and toys.

                                               A 3D printer is a machine that creates three-dimensional objects by
                                               printing layers of material, such as plastic, one on top of the other. It is
                                               used to build models, prototypes and even real products.


                          3D printer

                                               An Light Emitting Diode (LED) changes electrical energy into light. It has
                                               a longer leg (anode, +) for the positive side of the circuit and a shorter
                                               leg (cathode, -) for the negative side.
                             LED


                                               A resistor helps control the flow of electricity to protect the parts of a
                                               circuit. It is used to change the brightness of lights or control the speed
                                               of motors.
                           Resistor




                                                                                         Components List
                                                                                         Components  List
                                                                                                                    71]]></page><page Index="74"><![CDATA[young innovators




                                                                   Dimitris Hatzis

                                                                   Dimitris Hatzis  from Greece became,  at
                                                                   age  15, one  of the  youngest  people  to  build
                                                                   a functional, life size 3D printed robot. This robot
                                                                   is  life-size,  functional,  speaks  fluent  English  and
                                                                   features  impressive  mechanics  such as five
                                                                   degrees of freedom in each arm. While his project
                                                                   is  less about mass  deployment  and more  of a
                                                                   showcase of engineering, it’s a strong inspiration
                                                                   for  young  learners  that  robotics  is within reach
                     even for students. Hatzis’s work inspires students to explore robotics and realise that innovative
                     technologies like 3D printing can be accessible even at an early age. His achievement encourages
                     young minds to dream big and believe that the world of robotics is within their reach.



                     Prateek

                     Prateek, a 13-year-old from Chennai, Tamil
                     Nadu, has created an innovative robot called
                     “Raffi,” which  can detect  human emotions
                     and respond to questions. This impressive
                     achievement showcases his understanding
                     of robotics, artificial intelligence (AI) and
                     human-computer interaction. Raffi uses AI
                     to analyse facial expressions, tone of voice
                     and body language to gauge emotions,
                     offering responses that are sensitive to the
                     emotional context. By combining technology
                     with emotional intelligence, Raffi provides a
                     glimpse into the future of empathetic AI, with potential applications in mental health support,
                     customer service and companionship. Prateek’s creation highlights how young innovators can
                     push technological boundaries, paving the way for more compassionate, emotionally aware
                     machines in everyday life. His work is a significant step toward human-centric, AI-driven devices.










                                 RoboGenius Pro - VI
                 72]]></page></pages></Search>
