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    Conductors and Insulators

                      Conductors: Conductors are materials that allow electricity to flow through
                      them  easily,  like  highways  for  electric
                      current. Metals such as copper, aluminium,

                      and gold are great conductors, which is why
                      they are used in electrical wires and circuits.

                      Example: The  metal  part  of a  plug is a

                      conductor  that  carries  electricity  from  the
                      outlet to your device, helping it work.

                      Insulators: Insulators are materials that do not let electricity flow through
                                                                             them  easily,  acting  like  walls  that

                                                                             block electricity. Common insulators
                                                                             include      rubber,       plastic,      and
                        Glass          Plastic      Ceramic
                                                                 Rubber      glass.  They  protect us  by  keeping

                                                                             electricity in the right places.

                                                                             Example: The  plastic  coating
                       Wood                            Fabric
                                                                             around  a  wire  is an insulator  that
                                      Wool                      Paper        prevents you from getting shocked
                                                 Cork
                                                                             when you touch the wire.

                      Introduction to Open and Closed Circuits

                      Closed Circuit: A closed circuit is like a complete loop
                      where electricity can travel all the way around without

                      any gaps. When the path is complete, electricity flows,
                      and things like lights, fans, or toys turn on and work
                      properly.

                      Example: Think of a flashlight. When you press the button, it closes the circuit,

                                                     allowing  electricity  from  the  battery  to  flow  to  the
                                                     bulb, making it light up.

                                                     Open Circuit: An open circuit has a break or gap in

                                                     the loop, which stops the flow of electricity. It’s like a
                                                     roadblock that doesn’t let the electricity continue its
                                                     journey, so the device won’t work.

                           34    RoboGenius (V1.0)-III

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