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AI algorithms process this data to identify road lanes, traffic signs,
pedestrians, and other vehicles. Based on this information, the AI in the

car decides when to accelerate, brake, steer, or stop to ensure a safe
journey.

• What It Teaches: AI in self-driving cars allows them to learn from
previous trips, recognise and avoid potential hazards, and improve their

driving skills over time. These cars don’t just follow a map—they make
real-time decisions based on dynamic conditions, such as changing traffic

patterns or sudden obstacles on the road. This learning capability makes
self-driving cars safer and more reliable as they accumulate more data
and experience.

2. Voice-Activated Assistants (Robot Assistants)

• How it Works: Voice-activated
robots like Alexa, Google Assistant,

and Siri rely on AI to interpret
spoken commands and respond
appropriately. These systems use

natural language processing (NLP)
to understand human speech and
respond with accurate answers

or actions. AI also helps these
assistants learn from user interactions, allowing them to improve their

accuracy over time and even predict future requests.
• What It Teaches: AI-powered voice assistants demonstrate how robots

can communicate with humans using language, adapt to different accents
and speech patterns, and offer personalised responses. Over time, these
assistants become more attuned to a user’s preferences and needs,

making them highly effective in managing tasks like setting reminders,
answering questions, or controlling smart home devices.

3. Robotic Vacuum Cleaners
• How it Works: Robotic vacuum cleaners, like Roomba, use AI to navigate

around your home while cleaning floors. These robots use sensors to
detect obstacles, stairs, and dirt, and AI helps them decide the most
efficient cleaning paths. They can map your house, learn from previous

cleaning sessions, and adapt to different floor types and layouts.

Introduction to Robotics and AI 13