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    Step 9  Connect a 220 Ω resistor to the longer lead (anode)
                              of the LED as shown in the image.

                     Step 10  Connect the shorter lead (cathode) of the LED to
                              the negative rail of the breadboard.
                     Step 11  Place  a  potentiometer  on  the  breadboard  as  per
                              the image.

                                                                Step 12  Connect the first terminal of the potentiometer
                                                                         to the negative rail of the breadboard.

                                                                Step 13  Connect     the   second    terminal    of   the
                                                                         potentiometer  to  the  positive rail  of the
                                                                         breadboard.

                     Step 14  Connect  the  middle  terminal  (wiper)  of  the
                              potentiometer to the resistor’s second end as
                              shown in the image.
                     Step 15  Now, rotate  the  knob  of  the  potentiometer
                              and observe that the brightness of the LED will
                              change accordingly.

                     Circuit Operation

                     When the circuit is powered on, the potentiometer controls the amount of current flowing to the
                     LED. By rotating the knob of the potentiometer, changes in the resistance, leds to a change in the
                     brightness of the LED. Lower resistance allows more current to flow, making the LED brighter, while
                     higher resistance reduces the current, dimming the LED.

                                                                   Hands-On Electronics with Breadboard-Based Kit  21

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